Importance for understanding

The sequence of each different peptide or protein is important for understanding the activity of peptides and proteins and for enabling their independent synthesis, since the natural ones may be difficult to obtain in small quantities. To obtain the sequence, the numbers of each type of amino acid are determined by breaking down the protein into its individual amino acids using concentrated acid (hydrolysis). For example, hydrolysis of the tetrapeptide shown in Figure 45.3 would give one unit of glycine, two units of alanine, and one unit of phenylalanine. Of course, information as to which amino acid was linked to which others is lost. 

Imaging of Surfaces—Analysis of Surface Morphology. Several important techniques can help answer the question what does the surface look like This question is often the first one to be posed ia the characterization of a new surface or iaterface. Physical imaging of the surface is necessary to distinguish the relevant features important for understanding the whole surface and is essential for accurate iaterpretation of data from other surface analysis techniques which might later be appHed to a more limited region of the surface or iaterface. 

Fundamental information from vibrational spectra is important for understanding a wide range of chemical and physical properties of surfaces, e.g., chemical reactivity and forces involved in the atomic rearrangement (relaxation and reconstruction) of solid surfaces. Practical applications of HREELS include studies of ... 

Knowledge of the network parameters is important for understanding gelation processes, and relationships between the molecular structure and hydrogel synthesis conditions. The principles for the optimization of SAH characteristics for various application purposes can also be based on these parameters. 

A sense of scale is important for understanding how chemistry at the macroscopic level is related to the behavior of atoms at the microscopic level. Atoms are extraordinarily small, and there are vast numbers in even very tiny objects. The diameter of a carbon atom is only about 150 trillionths of a meter, and we would have to put 10 million atoms side by side to span the length of this dash -. Even a small cup of coffee contains more water molecules than there are stars in the visible universe. 

FIGURE 1.38 The seven /-orbitals of a shell (with n = 3) have a very complex appearance. Their detailed form will not be used again in this text. However, their existence is important for understanding the periodic table, the presence of the lanthanoids and actinoids, and the properties of the later d-block elements. A darker color denotes a positive lobe, a lighter color a negative lobe. 

We shall see in Chapter 2 that the formation of a bond in an ionic compound depends on the removal of one or more electrons from one atom and their transfer to another atom. The energy needed to remove electrons from atoms is therefore of central importance for understanding their chemical properties. The ionization energy, /, is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase ... 

The relative strengths of bonds are important for understanding the way that energy is used in bodies to power our brains and muscles. For instance, adenosine triphosphate, ATP (35), is found in ever)- living cell. The triphosphate part of this molecule is a chain of three phosphate groups. One of the phosphate groups is removed in a reaction with water. The P O bond in ATP requires only 276 kjmol-1 to break and the new P—O bond formed in H2P04 releases 350 kj-mol-1 when it forms. As a result, the conversion of ATP to adenosine diphosphate, ADP, in the reaction... 

The subject of the book is fluid dynamics and heat transfer in micro-channels. This problem is important for understanding the complex phenomena associated with single- and two-phase flows in heated micro-channels. 

Modeling Pardaxin Channel. The remarkable switching of conformation in the presence of detergents or phospholipid vesicles (5) suggests that pardaxin is a very flexible molecule. This property helps to explain the apparent ability of pardaxin to insert into phospholipid bilayers. In addition, it is consistent with the suggestion that the deoxycholate-like aminoglycosteroids (5,7) present in the natural secretion from which pardaxin is purified (5) serve to stabilize its dissociated conformation. The question of the mechanism by which pardaxin assembles within membranes is important for understanding pore formation and its cytolytic activity (5). 

Therefore, the detailed analysis of concentration of defects in surface-adjacent layer and in the volume of adsorbent as well as assessment of the values of diffusion coefficients of defects and particles of various gases in material of adsorbent are very important for understanding the processes of both reversible and irreversible change in electrophysical characteristics of semiconductor during low temperature (if compared to the temperature of creation of defects) interaction with gaseous phase. 

The formation of singlet oxygen through the Kautsky mechanism [78] was observed not only when sensibilization was induced by adsorbed dye molecules but also in case when sensibilization was provided by deposited oxides of transition metals [92, 93]. This is very important for understanding numerous heterogeneous and photocatalytic processes. 

These spectroscopic studies have advanced our knowledge of the structure-property relations, which are extremely important for understanding the nonlinear optical behavior of these dyes, and specifically for their 2PA properties discussed below. 

Thom and coworkers published results on the stimulation of perivascular NO synthesis by oxygen [127], To perform this study a 200 pm diameter electrode (ISONOP200) was placed between the aorta and vena cava of anesthetized rats and mice (rodents) and then the rodents were placed inside a hyperbaric chamber. Inside the hyperbaric chamber the partial pressure of 02 was regulated/changed as NO concentration was monitored. Figure 1.11 shows that NO concentration increased as a function of 02 partial pressure. This experiment is important for understanding how NO synthesis, by NOS, is altered and regulated by 02. 

As mentioned in the Introduction, one of the synthetic approaches to stable nucleophilic carbenes involves C-deprotonation of imidazol-ium and related cations with alkali metal salts of strong bases such as NaH and KO Bu. Accordingly, the interactions with alkali metal cations with stable nucleophilic carbenes could prove to be important for understanding the solution behavior of the latter. Until recently, however, there were no examples of complexes of stable carbenes with... 

Liquid water is an essential component of most terrestrial chemical processes, including those of living organisms. The cooperativity of H-bonding in water clusters is therefore of primary importance for understanding the structure and dynamics of pure water, as well as a vast spectrum of aqueous solvation phenomena in biotic and abiotic systems. In the present section we examine cooperativity effects for a... 

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