Immunosensors pharmaceuticals

Immunosensors promise to become principal players ia chemical, diagnostic, and environmental analyses by the latter 1990s. Given the practical limits of immunosensors (low ppb or ng/mL to mid-pptr or pg/mL) and their portabiUty, the primary appHcation is expected to be as rapid screening devices ia noncentralized clinical laboratories, ia iatensive care faciUties, and as bedside monitors, ia physicians offices, and ia environmental and iadustrial settings (49—52). Industrial appHcations for immunosensors will also include use as the basis for automated on-line or flow-injection analysis systems to analyze and control pharmaceutical, food, and chemical processing lines (53). Immunosensors are not expected to replace laboratory-based immunoassays, but to open up new appHcations for immunoassay-based technology. 

Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D (2009) Achievements of the RIANA and AWACSS EU projects immunosensors for the determination of pesticides, endocrine dismpting chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Hdb Env Chem 5J 33 6... 

The analysis of trace substances in environmental science, pharmaceutical and food industries is a challenge since many of these applications demand a continuous monitoring mode. The use of immunosensors based on AuNPs in these applications should also be appropriate. Although there are many recent developments in the immunosensor field, which have potential impacts [36], nevertheless there are few papers concerning environmental analysis with electrochemical detection based on AuNPs. The application of some developed clinical immunosensors can also be extended to the environmental field. 

Since in most cases only one enantiomer possesses a desired pharmacological activity, it is necessary to construct enantioselective sensors to improve the quality of analysis due to the high uncertainty obtained in chiral separation by chromatographic techniques.315 For this purpose, enantioselective amperometric biosensors and potentiometric, enantioselective membrane electrodes have been proposed.264 The selection of one sensor from among the electrochemical sensor categories for clinical analysis depends on the complexity of the matrix because the complexity of different biological fluids is not the same. For example, for the determination of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones an amperometric biosensor and two immunosensors have been proposed. The immu-nosensors are more suitable (uncertainty has the minimum value) for direct determination of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones in thyroid than are amperometric biosensors. For the analysis of the same hormones in pharmaceutical products, the uncertainty values are comparable. 

It is also not a good idea to use an ion-selective membrane electrode to detect thyroid hormone in pharmaceutical compounds or in the thyroid because the concentration of the hormone in both matrices is very low (ng/1). Amperometric immunosensors are recommended for assay of thyroid hormones the concentration of the hormone is within the linear range of the electrodes and their selectivity is high. 

---