Immunomodulatory functions

Frank, M.H. and Sayegh, M.H. (2004) Immunomodulatory functions of mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet 363, 1411-1412. 

The third histamine receptor subtype was found to occur on mast cells and to be involved in the synthesis and release of histamine, of nitric oxide and of a series of cytokines, even if the precise immunomodulatory function of H3 receptors is still under investigation. The bulk of data concerning H3 receptors and immunological reactions in different species and different experimental models are summarized in Table 10. 

Yasui, H., Shida, K., Matsuzaki, T., and Yokokura, T. 1999. Immunomodulatory function of lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76 383-389. 

Tacchini-Cottier F, Zweifel C, Belkaid Y, Mukankundiye C, Vasei M, Launois P, Milon G, Louis J An immunomodulatory function for neutrophils during the induction of a CD4+ Th2 response in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. J Immunol 2000 165 2628-2636. 

Pycnogenol has been reported to have a strong antioxidant activity either in vitro utilizing cultured cells or in vivo in experimental animals and in humans, and to participate to the cellular antioxidant network. Further beneficial effects such as vasorelaxation, immunomodulatory function, and anti-iirflammatory activities have been reported, coirfimting the potential of this extract as an effective phytochemical. 

Co-evolution of herpesviruses with their hosts has resulted in multiple interactions between viral genes and cellular functions. Some interactions control genomic maintenance and replication in specific tissues, others affect the immune control at various stages. Few immunomodulatory functions of genes can be predicted by sequence homology. The majority of genes with immunomodulatory properties only become apparent in functional assays. This chapter reviews procedures which have been used for successful identification of immunomodulatory genes in the past and deals with recent methods which may be applicable for the identification of additional immunomodulatory functions unknown so far. 

Fig. 6. Summary of antiviral host responses and Ad countermeasures. The figure is discussed in the text. Adenovirus proteins with known immunomodulatory functions are shaded black the El A activity triggering apoptosis is depicted in gray. For simplicity, potential effects of E1B/19K on Fas-, TRAIL-, and TNF-mediated apoptosis/cytolysis that are controversial are omitted. Also, potential stimulatory or inhibitory effects of 14.7K on NF-kB signaling is not indicated. Trimers of TNF, FasL, and TRAIL exist as membrane-bound and secreted forms. Abbreviations AfO, macrophages Ahs. antibodies PM. plasma membrane (7, Golgi M, mitochondrion...

Burgert H-G, Blusch J (2000) Immunomodulatory functions encoded by the E3 transcription unit of... 

Lactonic sophorolipids exhibit antimicrobial activity and degree of antimicrobial activity is related to the structure of sophorolipids, which is determined by the type of carbon source used for fermentation." Sophorolipids derivatives such as sophorolipids diacetate ethyl ester derivatives have been reported as having spermicidal and virucidal activity and can be used in preparation of microbicidal contraceptions." Administration of sophorolipids reduces the mortality associated with septic shock in rats due their immunomodulatory function." Sophorolipids capped silver nanoparticles are very stable and show strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria." ... 

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