Immunogens carrier protein coupling

In these constructs, the amino terminus was acetylated and the carbojqr terminus liberated for further modification. Such derivatization included coupling of 33/34 to a synthetic lipopeptide, tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteinylserine (PamsCysSer, 35) as immunological activator to afford fully synthetic derivatives 36 and 37. Alternatively, after global deprotection of 38, conjugation of 39 to an immunogenic carrier protein such as BSA or KLH produced the corresponding functional vaccines (Scheme 8). ... 

Since small haptens are not immunogenic -i.e. do not usually stimulate the formation of antibodies-, they must be coupled to a carrier protein. For instance, Schultz [22b] described the coupling of the hapten to the carrier proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), in order to generate antibodies for his specific studies. 

Bound fraction Antigen/competitor present as a complex, attached to the corresponding antibody the fi-action of the reaction mixture which contains the antigen-antibody complex Carrier protein Large non-immunogenic protein that, when coupled to a hapten, induces production of anti-hapten antibodies in an animal Competitive assay Immunoassay based on the principle of competition between the analyte in the sample ( unknown ) and competitor Competitor Antigen derivative that is modified (i.e., labelled, coupled to a large protein) and serves for indirect detection of the analsde in competitive immunoassays... 

Conjugate Antigen/antigen derivative or antibody covalently coupled to a label (= tracer) or hapten coupled to a carrier protein molecule (= immunogen)... 

The adaptation of immunochemical methods for many classes of small compounds has made it possible to develop assays for pesticide residue detection. A cELISA was developed for methoprene, an analog of insect juvenile hormone. Because of its size, methoprene does not elicit an immune response by itself. However, by conjugating methoprene to a carrier protein it was made immunogenic in animals. A four-carbon spacer group was incorporated between methoprene and the carrier protein. The spacer was first coupled to methoprene acid by a series of protection/deprotection steps. 

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