Immune system psychoneuroimmunology

Bellinger, D.L et al., Innervation of lymphoid organs Association of nerves with cells of the immune system and their implications in disease, in Psychoneuroimmunology, 3rd edition, Ader, R., Felten, D.L., Cohen, N., Eds., Acad. Press, San Diego, 2001, chap. 2, 55. 

It is not the purpose of this short introduction to psychoneuroimmunology to give a comprehensive view of the immune system, and readers are referred to the key references cited at the end of the book. 

Ever since the 1970s more evidence has been found in psychoneuroimmunology to confirm the opinion that the highly complex immune system interacts with an equally complex nervous system in a bidirectional manner (Fleshner and Laudenslager 2004). Today, it is a proven fact that stress is associated with altered immune function (Cooper 1996, Maier et al. 1998). 

---