Immobilized enzymes and cells

Klibanov, A.M. (1983) Immobilized enzymes and cells as practical catalysts. 

The following books are suggested for further reading about immobilized biocatalysts. Rosevear, A., Keimedy, J.F. and Cabral, J.M.S. (1987) Immobilized Enzymes and cells. Bristol, England lOP Publishing Ltd. 

Moo-Young, M., Bioreactor immobilized enzymes and cells fundamentals and appli-... 

This chapter covers a number of applications, none of which is sufficiently developed to justify a whole chapter. This is not a reflection on the importance, interest, or possible impact of the technology, especially the first section in which we discuss the use of polyurethane to immobilize enzymes and cells. 

The concept of immobilizing enzymes and cells on a polymer scaffold has been studied for several decades in one form or another. The work was driven by the need to increase the half-lives of enzymes, which are notoriously short. Part of the problem is that enzymes at efficient concentrations degrade each other. Denaturation and poisoning are similarly detrimental to the life of an enzyme. It was hypothesized that some of these problems could be mitigated by attaching the enzyme to a substrate. Experience has shown this is an effective way to improve the efficiency of what can be very expensive biological catalysts. 

K. Mosbach, Editor, Methods in Enzymohgy, Vol. 137 (1988), Academic Press (San Diego). An entire volume on immobilized enzymes and cells. 

Immobilized enzymes and cells, which are now known as immobilized biocatalysts, both provide us in general with the following advantages (1) continuous operation becomes practical (2) biocatalysts can be recovered and reused after reactions (3) biocatalysts can be formed into the shapes, such as membranes or beads, required for specific reaction processes (4) in some cases, the biocatalysts become stable with regard to changes in temperature, pH and inhibitor concentration. Immobilization methods can be classified according to the following scheme,... 

At a glance, the rapprochement between biochemistry and polymer chemistry seems to have played an important role in the methodological development of preparations for immobilized biocatalysts. A number of articles on the preparation and characterization of immobilized biocatalysts, together with their applications in a variety of fields besides synthetic chemical reactions - chemical and clinical analysis, medicine, and food processing, for example - have already been published. These results have been reviewed by many of the pioneers in this and related fields [1-20]. The technology for immobilizing enzymes and cells is believed to be relatively mature at this point. In addition, the nature of immobilized biocatalysts has become somewhat more transparent to us. The key now is to come up with new uses and new systems which can fulfill specific needs [21]. 

Wingard LB, Katchalski E, Goldstein L (eds) (1981) Analytical applications of immobilized enzymes and cells applied biochemistry and bioengineering, vol 3. Academic, New York... 

Rosevear A, Kennedy JF, Cabral JMS (1987) Immobilized enzymes and cells. Adam Hilger... 

M Busto, Btochem. Educ. 26, 304-308 (1998) Immobilization of /3-glucosidase K Mosbach, Editor, Methods in Enzymology, Vol 137 (1988), Academic Press (San Diego) An entire volume on immobilized enzymes and cells C Worthington, Editor, Worthington Enzyme Manual (1988), Worthington Biochemical Corporation (Freehold, NJ 07728), pp 254-260 A book that provides data on many enzymes, including peroxidase... 

Methods Enzymol, 135 (1987), Immobilized Enzymes and Cells, Part B, K. Mosbach (Ed.), Academic Press, New York. 

Developments such as immobilized enzymes and cells have been exploited partially, and genetic manipulations through recombinant DNA techniques are leading to practical processes for molecules that could previously be found only in trace quantities in plants or animals. 

It can be expected that the use of immobilized enzymes and cells in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industnes will continue to expand in the future... 

Engineering Aspegts Trevan, M. D., Immobilized Enzymes An Introduction and Applications in Biotechnology, Wiley, 1980. Moo-Young, M., Bioreactors Immobilized Enzymes and Cells Fundamentals and Applications, Elsevier, London, 1988. 

Investigation of Catalytic Properties of Immobilized Enzymes and Cells by Flow Microcalorimetry... 

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