Immobilized enzyme reactors

Fig. 12. On-line enzyme reactor system designs, merging stream system (Top) and immobilized-enzyme reactor system (Bottom). A = mobile phase, B = enzyme solution...

R. Kindervater, W. Kiinnecke, and R.D. Schimid, Exchangeable immobilized enzyme reactor for enzyme inhibition tests in flow-injection analysis using a magnetic device. Determination of pesticides in drinking water. Anal. Chim. Acta 234, 113-117 (1990). 

R.Q. Thompson, H. Kim, and C.E. Miller, Comparison of immobilized enzyme reactors for flow-injection... 

L. Korecka, Z. Bilkova, M. Holeapek, J. Kralovsky, M. Benes, J. Lenfeld, N. Mine, R. Cecal, J.-L. Viovy, and M. Przybylski, Utilization of newly developed immobilized enzyme reactors for preparation and study of immunoglobulin G fragments. Journal of Chromatography, B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 808, 15-24 (2004). 

L Gorton, G Marko-Varga. In S Lam, G Malikin, eds. Analytical Applications of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors. London Blackie Academic Professional, Chapman Hall, 1994, pp 1-21. 

Figure 3 CL detection systems in combination with HPLC. P, pump I, injector C, column M, mixing tee D, detector RC, reaction coil MC, mixing coil RE, recorder E, eluent R, reagent W, waste IMER, immobilized enzyme reactor.

System C is used when an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) is introduced into system B. The analyte(s) separated by HPLC is converted to a suitable species for CL detection with an IMER, and then mixed with the CL reagent. In this system, a buffer solution as a mobile phase and an ion-exchange-type column are preferable for an enzyme reaction. 

Osborne PC, Yamamoto K. 1998. Disposable, enzymatically modified printed film carbon electrodes for use in the high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrochemical detection of glucose or hydrogen peroxide from immobilized enzyme reactors. J Chrom B 707 3-8. 

Figure 3.7 — (A) Cross-sectional view of the McPherson stopped-flow mixer unit. The outer aluminum housing (a) and quartz windows b) are press-fitted with three bolts. Mixing occurs at e, where the streams meet at 90° to each other one stream is in the figure plane and the other normal to it. The immobilized enzyme reactor is placed inside d. With the reactor in place, the observation cell is 1.75 cm in length. The dashed arrow represents the lightpath inside the cell. (B) Flow-cell used to accommodate enzymes on CPG. (Reproduced from [48] and [49] with permission of Elsevier Science Publishers).

In the past many attempts have been done to implement membranes into immobilized enzyme reactors, especially within inunobilized enzymes for food processing (Pitcher,... 

The prediction of the loss of the performance of an immobilized enzyme reactor due to thermal denaturation can be quantified, taking into account the enzyme-inactivation... 

The refences below include review articles and research articles on specific topics, len, B.R., Charles, M. and Coughlin, R.W. (1979) Fluidized immobilized enzyme reactor for the hydrolysis of cornstarch to glucose. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 21, 689-706. ichholz, K. (1979) Characterization of immobihzed biocatalysts. Dechema-Monograph, 84, 208-223. 

The number of relevant applications, especially those dealing with immobilized enzyme reactors, increases steadily (267, 268). Immobilization of enzymes on suitable matrices permits their reuse, thus creating the possibility to perform more experiments with the same batch of enzymes, which cuts down the cost of the analysis. 

W. II. Pitcher Design and Operation of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors. - S. A Barker Biotechnology of Immobilized Multienzyme Systems. - R. A Messing Carriers for Immobilized Biologically Active Systems. -P. Brodelius Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biocatalysts. - B. Solomon Starch Hydrolysis by Immobilized Enzymers. 

Immobilized enzyme reactors - potentially more stable enzymes - co-immobilization possible - difficult to sterilize - mass transfer limitations - immobilization increases costs... 

Immobilized Enzyme Reactor (Fixed-Bed Reactor with Plug-Flow)... 

M. D. Lilly and P. Dunnill, Immobilized-enzyme reactors, Meth. Enzymol. 1976, 44, 717-738. 

In part, all the breakthroughs mentioned depended on process modifications in enzyme isolation, in purification, and in immobilization as well as in handling precipitating product in an immobilized enzyme reactor system. These new processes involving PGA in several central roles result in shorter and more cost-effective routes to semi-synthetic /3-lactam antibiotics. 

The acylase-catalyzed resolution of N-acetyl-D,L-amino acids to obtain enantiomerically pure i-amino acids (see Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1) has been scaled up to the multi-hundred ton level. For the immobilized-enzyme reactor (Takeda, 1969) as well as the enzyme membrane reactor technology (Degussa, 1980) the acylase process was the first to be scaled up to industrial levels. Commercially acylase has broad substrate specificity and sufficient stability during both storage and operation. The process is fully developed and allowed major market penetration for its products, mainly pharmaceutical-grade L-methionine and L-valine. 

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