Immobilisation of catalysts

Gulea M, Masson S (2003) Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Difunctionalized Organo-Phosphorus and -Sulfur Compounds. 229 161-198 Haag R, Roller S (2004) Polymeric Supports for the Immobilisation of Catalysts. 242 1-42 Hackmann-Schlichter N,see Krause W (2000) 210 261-308 Hadjiaraoglou LP, see de Meijere A (2000) 207 149-227... 

Haag, R. and Roller, S. (2004) Polymeric supports for the immobilisation of catalysts, in Immobilized Catalysts... 

Phase separation Immiscibility of ionic liquid with product/ extract, immobilisation of catalyst in ionic liquid phase BASIL [108, 109, 193-195], Difasol [82, 111, 112] Easy removal, low energy requirement Loss of catalyst to product phase if not well immobilised, contamination of product... 

In many publications, an effect of the ionic liquid solvent on the rate or selectivity of organic and catalytic reactions has been reported [129], For industrial applications, it has been recognised that process intensification using ionic liquids is in most cases not a question of retrofitting by simply substituting a solvent by an ionic liquid, but further tuning strategies, such as the immobilisation of catalysts... 

Although a transition metal is still used here it is in catalytic amounts (about 5% w/w) and immobilisation of catalysts is an inherently simpler problem than immobilising stoichiometric oxidants. 

The most extensively used macroporous resins are polystyrene-based ion-exchange resins. They are made of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) with subsequent modification to arylsulphonic acids, quaternary ammonium salts or other derivatives mainly located on the internal surface of the pores [33,34]. This renders them accessible to munerous organic solvents including water and alcohols. Recently, these ion-exchange resins have had a revival for the immo-bihsation of ionic reagents [31,32] in automated synthesis. Macroporous beads have also been used for the immobilisation of catalysts [5,7] however, leach-... 

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