Imaging four-dimensional

Figure 2 Data cube generation in mapping and imaging. The four-dimensional hyperspectral data cube contains the full spectral information, absorbance vs. wavenumber (v, cm ), for each x,y pixel from the imaged area, as is shown above. A horizontal slice through that cube contains a chemical image (e.g., band intensity at selected v for each x,y pixel of the image) as is shown below. The latter result could be obtained by Global Imaging (in which only the intensity distribution of a certain band over the imaged area would be recorded).

Bacskai, B. J., Hickey, G. A., Skoch, J. etal. Four-dimensional multiphoton imaging of brain entry, amyloid binding, and clearance of an amyloid-beta ligand in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100 12462-12467, 2003. 

Lobastov, V. A., Weissenrieder, J., Tang, J., Zewail, A. H., Ultrafast Electron Microscopy (UEM) Four dimensional Imaging and Diffraction of Nanostructures During Phase Transitions, Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 2552 2558. 

Fig. 2.22. Hyperstereoscopic views of four-dimensional distributions of sample points for PI1X4 molecules, all along the same directions (1111) or [0001] of the hypercubic unit cell of conformational space. In this view the projected cell is seen to have the shape of a rhombic dodecahedron. Distance along the viewing direction (1000) or [1110] is indicated by normal stereoscopy, while distance along the (1111) or [0001] direction (S2) is indicated by the size of the circles, larger circles being closer to the viewer, as in Figure 2.19. The special position that images the open °D2d conformation (Figure 2.18) with torsion angles (90°, 90°, 90°, 90°) is situated at the center of the cell [0,0,0,90°] in all the views.

Dahm, W.J.A., Su, L.K., and Southerland, K.B., A scalar imaging velocimetry technique for fully resolved four-dimensional vector velocity field measurements in turbulent flows, Phys. Fluids, A4, 2191-2206 (1992). 

A sequence of image stacks is transformed into volume-rendered four-dimensional movies using Imaris sofiware (Bit-plane) see Fig. 2). 

With the help of the quantities and tf we can restore the desired correspondence between the images of the five-dimensional and four-dimensional... 

Belohlavek M, Foley DA, Gerber TC, Kinter TM, Greenleaf JF, Seward JB (1993b) Three- and four-dimensional cardiovascular ultrasound imaging a new era for echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc 68 221-240... 

Rietzel E, Chen GT, Choi NC et al (2005) Four-dimensional image-based treatment planning target volume segmentation and dose calculation in the presence of respiratory motion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61 1535-1550... 

Macovski A, Alvarez RE, Chan JL, Stonestrom JP, Zatz LM (1976) Energy dependent reconstruction in X-ray computerized tomography. Comput Biol Med, 6 325-336 McCollough CH, Zink FE (1999) Performance evaluation of a multi-slice CT System. Med Phys 26 2223-2230 Mori I (1986) Computerized tomographic apparatus utilizing a radiation source. US Patent 4,630,202 Mori S, Endo M, Tsunoo T, Kandatsu S, Tanada S, Aradate H etal. (2004) Physical performance evaluation of a 256-slice CT-scanner for four-dimensional imaging. Med Phys 31 1348-1356... 

Dahm WJA, Su LK, Southerland KB (1992) A Scalar Imaging Velocimetry Technique for Fully Resolved Four-dimensional Vec-te Velocity Field Measurements in Turbulent Hows. Phys Huid 4(10) 2191-2206... 

It is also possible to produce a four-dimensional data cube by adding a third spatial coordinate. This is achieved by physically sectioning a sample and acquiring multiple image cubes along the depth of the sample. An example of such an approach is shown later in this chapter where the three-dimensional chemical image of a corn kernel is examined. 

The calculated four-dimensional FES indicate that the liquid and solid Ic basins are separated by a barrier with a height of approximately 79 ksT. However, the system size turned out to be too small for an accurate estimate of the barrier. In fact, due to the self-interaction between the periodic images, crystallizations occurred in an anisotropic way and elongated clusters formed, which eventually generated thin slabs of ice. 

More complex imaging sequences The 2D FT sequence can be extended to three-dimensional imaging by using the phase encoding scheme instead of selection on the third axis. Chemical shift information can be extracted by adding a complementary chemical shift dimension however, this procedure has rarely been used in practice for two main reasons (1) four-dimensional data acquisition requires a prohibitive duration, and (2) the susceptibility effect spreads the spectra to the extent that the method... 

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