Image analysis method laser diffraction methods

Spray properties are mostly determined with optical measurement techniques. For the analysis of the droplet diameter Shadowgraphic methods, laser diffraction or Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) have been used elsewhere [1, 2, 11, 18]. Droplet velocities can be measured with Shadowgraphy, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), or PDA [1, 6, 19]. The determination of the spray temperature is possible with Global Rainbow Thermometry (GRT), Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and Differential Infrared Thermography (DIT) [20-22]. 

To measure the droplet size distribution of the resulting multiple emulsion (with diameters >5 pm), optical microscopy combined with image analysis can be used. An alternative method to measure droplet size distribution is to use light diffraction and then to apply Fraunhofer s diflraction theory. Details of this method are provided in Chapter 19, but basically a laser beam that has been enlarged and... 

Appropriate particle size analysis methods with very low shear stress (free settling with particle image velocity, field emission scanning electron microscopy, fluidized bed or vibrating sieve feeding with laser diffraction) have been tested for their reproducibility and minimal dispersion energy. 

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