Illustrations adapted

Cover illustration. Adapted from Figure 5 in Chapter 14... 

Figure 13.1 Vibrational levels and internuclear distance-probability functions for the ground state and first excited singlet of a diatomic molecule. Absorption and emission according to the Franck-Condon principle are illustrated. Adapted from N. J. Turro, Molecular Photochemistry, Addison-Wesley-—W. A. Benjamin, Reading, Mass., 1967. Reproduced by permission of Addison-Wesley,...

Figure 9.2. (A) Secondary structure proposed previously for the citrulline- and arginine-specific aptamers, based on co-variations of selected sequences, on the chemical footprinting pattern obtained in the presence of the cognate amino acid, as well as in damage selection experiments. The bases which were conserved among different isolates arc shown in upper case variant bases are in lower case. The three nucleotides critical for arginine specificity (13,29 and 31) arc indicated by circles (for citrulline) and boxes (for arginine). (B) Tertiary structure of the L-arginine aptamer complex resolved by NMR spectroscopy. Yellow L-arginine red the three mutations. (Illustration adapted from [9].)...

Figure 1.77 Schematic illustration of the influence of supercoiling on the formation of additional tertiary structure elements in closed circular DNA. (a) Double helical deoxynucleotide palindrome sequence (inverted repeat) that is a necessary prerequisite for cruciform formation (b) schematic diagram to show cruciform formation under conformational pressure of supercoiling as shown in (c) (d) more detailed ribbon cartoon to illustrate how phosphodiester backbones are "shared" at the cruciform junction (illustrations adapted from Sinden, 1994, Figs. 4.1, 4.3, 4.5 and 4.17 respectively).

Figure 6.24 EM and X-ray crystallographic images compared . Approximately 30 A resolution image of GroEL/GroES/ADPy (T state [bottom ring] R state [top ring]) within which has been incorporated the approximately 2 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of GroEE/GroES/ADPy (see Fig. 6.17 as well). The Cryo-electron microscope image has the appearance of a Van der Waals surface representation of the molecular chaperone machine (illustration adapted from Ranson et al., 2001, Fig. 7).

Figure 8.19 H-NMR assay. Lysyl tRNA synthetase (LysU) assay system. Conversion of ATP into Ap A is observed by W-NMR spectroscopy when reaction is run in a 5mm NMR tube. signals of adenine ring are shifted upfield with conversion of ATP (6h 8.55 [H-2] and 8.29 [W-8] p.p.m.) to Ap4A ( h 8.40 [H-2] and 8.18 [W-8] p.p.m.). Rates of conversion are followed by changes in appropriate W-NMR signal peak areas as a function of time (illustration adapted from Theoclitou et al., 1996, Fig. 2).

Figure 8.58 Schematic illustration of reaction coordinate diagram of Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM) enzyme illustrating near perfect energy landscape pathway allowing for near perfect 1 1 1 stoichiometric equilibrium between all enzyme-bound species optimal for flux through from one enzyme-bound species to another. Enzyme turnover rate kobs is at the diffusion limit, the rate determining step is the association of dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP) with the TIM catalytic site, see Fig. 8.1, hence chemistry is not rate limiting. Therefore, TIM is considered a perfect enzyme For TIM enzyme assay see Fig. 8.17 for TIM enzyme mechanism see Fig. 8.49 (illustration adapted from Knowles, 1991, Fig. 2).

Figure 10.16 Deoxyribozymes. An approach to selection of deoxyribozymes that ligate RNA. DNA template is represented by dark grey line. The DNA loop contains random sequence variations to allow for the possibility of catalysis. Step A complementary RNA (yellow) is ligated to a DNA template with a 5 -terminal overhang Step B a second RNA (red) is Watson-Crick base pair associated with the same DNA template but with a 3 -terminal overhang. Ligation reaction is then promoted. Where ligation is possible, the PAGE electrophoretic mobility of the product will differ from the un-ligated situation Step C PCR is then used to determine the DNA sequence(s) responsible for RNA ligation catalysis. Further rounds of maturation are also possible [illustration adapted from Flynn-Charlebois et al., 2003, Fig. IB).

Figure 2 Schematic illustrating adaptive aerosol delivery from Halolite. Solid boxes represent periods of aerosol delivery for four different breathing patterns. Aerosol is only delivered during the first half of each inspiration. The HaloLite system indicates when the preprogrammed dose has been delivered. In each of the four examples, the dose delivered is the same but the treatment time wiU be different. The treatment time is dependent on the ratio of inspiratory to expiratory time and the number of breaths per minute. (From Ref. 11.)...

FIGURE 8.7 VSFG spectra of the delocalized modes of L-crys-talline (l-C), L-amorphous (l-A), and racemic (R) PLA films, taken with three different IR pulses, which are displayed in the bottom. The black lines are fits to the data in which all contributions to the reflected electrical sum frequency field are added. The grey Lor-entzians display the most prominent vibrational modes. The chemical repeat unit of l-PLA is also shown, as well as a molecular model of a IO3 helix. In the top left panel, the VSFG experiment is illustrated. Adapted from Ref. 45 with permission from American Chemical Society. 

Figure 1. Optimized structure of podand 1 by extended MM2. Two substituents and the Ag+ ion are omitted for simplified illustration (Adapted from ref. 8).

Fig. 2. Wall friction measurement with Jenike Shear Cell (illustration adapted from Ref. 3).

A fiirther diflfieulty arises beeause the exaet wavefiinetions of the isolated moleeules are not known, exeept for one-eleetron systems. A eoimnon starting point is the Hartree-Foek wavefiinetions of the individual moleeules. It is then neeessary to inelude the eflfeets of intramoleeular eleetron eorrelation by eonsidering them as additional perturbations. Jeziorski and eoworkers [M] have developed and eomputationally implemented a triple perturbation theory of the syimnetry-adapted type. They have applied their method, dubbed SAPT, to many interaetions with more sueeess than might have been expeeted given the fiindamental doubts raised about the method. SAPT is eurrently both usefiil and praetieal. A reeent applieation [ ] to the CO2 dimer is illustrative of what ean be aehieved widi SAPT, and a rieh soiiree of referenees to previous SAPT work. 

Figure Bl.4.3. (a) A schematic illustration of the THz emission spectrum of a dense molecular cloud core at 30 K and the atmospheric transmission from ground and airborne altitudes (adapted, with pennission, from [17]). (b) The results of 345 GHz molecular line surveys of tlu-ee cores in the W3 molecular cloud the graphics at left depict tire evolutionary state of the dense cores inferred from the molecular line data [21],...

Figure B2.5.4. Periodic displacement from equilibrium through a sound wave. The frill curve represents the temporal behaviour of pressure, temperature, and concentrations in die case of a very fast relaxation. The other lines illustrate various situations, with 03Xj according to table B2.5.1. 03 is the angular frequency of the sound wave and x is the chemical relaxation time. Adapted from [110].

MMVB is a hybrid force field, which uses MM to treat the unreactive molecular framework, combined with a valence bond (VB) approach to treat the reactive part. The MM part uses the MM2 force field [58], which is well adapted for organic molecules. The VB part uses a parametrized Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian, which can be illustrated by considering a two orbital, two electron description of a sigma bond described by the VB determinants... 

Finally, in Sec. 5, the theoretical results are illustrated by applying two adaptive schemes to the collinear photo dissociation of ArHCl. 

Miscellaneous apparatus. Two forms of adapters (or adapter tubes) are illustrated in Fig. 11,1, 10, a and b these are generally used to facilitate the delivery of a distillate from a condenser to a receiver. 

Receiver adapters or connectors. Various forms of receiver adapters are shown in Figs. 11, 56, 26-29. The simplest form. Fig. 11, 56, 26, carries a glass hook for securing it to the condenser by means of a rubber band from the side tube to the hook an improved form, incorporating two ground glass joints is shown in Fig. 11, 56, 27. A useful adapter is illustrated in Fig. 11, 56, 28 when employed at atmospheric pressure, a drying tube may be attached to the side tube, if desired in a distillation under reduced pressure, the side tube is connected to the pump. Fig. 11, 56, 29 depicts a receiver adapter with an additional socket connection. 

A 2-litre round-bottomed flask provided with the adapter illustrated in Fig. II, 1, 8, d may also be used. For preparations on one half or one quarter of this scale, a 1000 or 500 ml. flask equipped with an efficient double surface condenser will give reasonably good results. 

An example will help illustrate these ideas. Consider the formaldehyde molecule H2CO in C2v symmetry. The configuration which dominates the ground-state waveflinction has doubly occupied O and C 1 s orbitals, two CH bonds, a CO a bond, a CO n bond, and two 0-centered lone pairs this configuration is described in terms of symmetry adapted orbitals as follows (Iai22ai23ai2lb2 ... 

To illustrate, again consider the H2O molecule in the coordinate system described above. The 3N = 9 mass weighted Cartesian displacement coordinates (Xl, Yl, Zl, Xq, Yq, Zq, Xr, Yr, Zr) can be symmetry adapted by applying the following four projection operators ... 

To illustrate sueh symmetry adaptation, eonsider symmetry adapting the 2s orbital of N and the three Is orbitals of H. We begin by determining how these orbitals transform under the symmetry operations of the C3V point group. The aet of eaeh of the six symmetry operations on the four atomie orbitals ean be denoted as follows ... 

Dry Spinning. On a worldwide basis, about 90% of all spandex fibers are produced by various adaptations of dry spinning (15,16). The solution dry spinning process is illustrated in Figure 5. The polymer spinning solution is metered at a constant temperature by a precision gear pump... 

Figure 2.10 Examples of schematic diagrams of the type pioneered by Jane Richardson. Diagram (a) illustrates the structure of myoglobin in the same orientation as the computer-drawn diagrams of Figures 2.9b-d. Diagram (b), which is adapted from J. Richardson, illustrates the structure of the enzyme triosephosphate isomerase, determined to 2.5 A resolution in the laboratory of David Phillips, Oxford University. Such diagrams can easily be obtained from databases of protein structures, such as PDB, SCOP or CATH, available on the World Wide Web.

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