Illustration in phase diagram, Fig

A brief discussion of sohd-liquid phase equihbrium is presented prior to discussing specific crystalhzation methods. Figures 20-1 and 20-2 illustrate the phase diagrams for binary sohd-solution and eutectic systems, respectively. In the case of binary solid-solution systems, illustrated in Fig. 20-1, the liquid and solid phases contain equilibrium quantities of both components in a manner similar to vapor-hquid phase behavior. This type of behavior causes separation difficulties since multiple stages are required. In principle, however, high purity... 

MICELLAR SUBSTRATES. Phospholipids in micelles are frequently found to be more active substrates in lipolysis than those phospholipids residing in a lipid bilayer". Dennis first described the use of Triton X-100 to manipulate the amount of phospholipid per unit surface area of a micelle in a systematic analysis of the interfacial interactions of lipases with lipid micelles. Verger and Jain et al have presented cogent accounts of the kinetics of interfacial catalysis by phospholipases. The complexity of the problem is illustrated in the diagram shown in Fig. 2 showing how the enzyme in the aqueous phase can bind to the interface (designated by the asterisk) and then become activated. Once this is achieved, E catalyzes conversion of S to release P. ... 

An example of the type of melting point phase diagram that is typical for a conglomerate system is shown in Fig. 9.2, which illustrates the phase diagram reported for methyl diacetyltartrate [32]. Below the eutectic temperature of 79 °C, the system will exist as a mixture of solid D-enantiomer and L-enantiomer. At the exact composition of the racemic mixture (X = 0.5), the system will exist entirely in the liquid phase above the eutectic temperature. At mole fractions where the amount of (L)-enantiomer exceeds that of the (D)-enantiomer, the system will exist as an equilibrium mixture of racemic liquid and solid (L)-enantiomer. 

The direct interactions between the gas phase, the liquid phase, the chemical reactions, and the turbulence effects are illustrated in the diagram in Fig. 19.2. In order to solve the gas phase conservation equations for mass, species, momentum. 

The equilibrium crystals just discussed had to be grown in the hexagonal condis phase area of the phase diagram (Fig. 5.156) to achieve the chain extension by subsequent annealing of the initially grown chain-folded crystals. On crystallization from the melt in the orthorhombic phase area, the initially produced lamellar crystals also do not correspond to the crystals that one melts in a later experiment, although the crystal perfection is less than in the condis phase area. Figure 6.23 illustrates the... 

The 1573-K isotherm as illustrated in Fig. 13 is based upon the available information on the binary Th-N [12,13] and Mn-N [14] phase diagrams. Fig. 13 shows that Th2MnN3 coexists in 3-phase equilibrium with Th3N4 and Mn. 

Fig. 15.16 Schematic illustration of the expanded portion of the region adjacent to the peritectic reaction point in the pseudobinary phase diagram (Fig. 15.15). Dotted line extension of univariant line of langasite coexisting with melt (metastable). A actual...

Fig. IV-17. A schematic phase diagram illustrating the condensed mesophases found in monolayers of fatty acids and lipids.

Classical Adiabatic Design Method The classical adiabatic method assumes that the heat of solution serves only to heat up the liquid stream and that there is no vaporization of solvent. This assumption makes it feasible to relate increases in the hquid-phase temperature to the solute concentration x by a simple eutnalpy balance. The equihbrium curve can then be adjusted to account For the corresponding temperature rise on an xy diagram. The adjusted equilibrium curve will become more concave upward as the concentration increases, tending to decrease the driving forces near the bottom of the tower, as illustrated in Fig. 14-8 in Example 6. 

The fact that oxides can exist as metastable phases is illustrated by the Ni-HjO diagram (Fig. 1.18) in which the curves for the various oxides of nickel have been extrapolated into the acid region of Ni stability, and this diagram emphasises the fact that nickel can be passivated outside the region of thermodynamic stability of the oxides". 

By way of example, the Cu-Zn phase diagram shown in Fig. 20.42 exhibits a number of different intermediate phases (j8, 7, 6, etc.) and a number of peritectic reactions and a eutectoid reaction. In many instances it is not necessary to consider a complete phase diagram. Thus Fig. 20.43 illustrates the Al-rich end of the Al-Cu phase diagram and is used below in a discussion... 

Once the solubility and coexistence curves have been determined, the complete ternary phase diagram may be constructed. This procedure is illustrated by the example shown in Fig. 28. The following parameters have been used ... 

In 1959, J. H. Schulman introduced the term microemulsion for transparent-solutions of a model four-component system [126]. Basically, microemulsions consist of water, an oily component, surfactant, and co-surfactant. A three phase diagram illustrating the area of existence of microemulsions is presented in Fig. 6 [24]. The phase equilibria, structures, applications, and chemical reactions of microemulsion have been reviewed by Sjoblom et al. [127]. In contrast to macroemulsions, microemulsions are optically transparent, isotropic, and thermodynamically stable [128, 129]. Microemulsions have been subject of various... 

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