Illicit formulation

Sample Preparation with Legitimate and Illicit Formulations... 

MEKC is almost universally adopted for illicit drug analysis not only in pharmaceutical or illicit formulations, but also in biological samples. 

The trend seen with TATP has been recently mirrored with other highly dangerous mixtures. As commercial explosives become more difficult to procure, by both legitimate and illicit means, terrorist groups determined to conduct bombing operations are forced to work with more dangerous and unpredictable formulations. A prime example of this can be seen in the major bombings carried out in Indonesia over the last two and a half years. 

Buprenorphine Partial agonist at P-opioid receptors Attenuates acute effects of morphine Oral substitution therapy for opioid-addicts Long half-life (40 h) formulated together with naloxone to avoid illicit IV injections... 

In a review of 239 cases of heroin-related drug deaths between 1997 and 2000, 18 deaths were associated with non-intravenous administration (49). The median morphine concentration in these non-injectors was 0.05 mg/g and this was significantly lower than in injectors (2.3 mg/ g). There was concurrent use of alcohol, other illicit drugs, and/or pharmaceutical formulations in 17 of the 18 cases. 

We found that a complex set of barriers and disincentives have significantly limited the transfer of knowledge (and materials) from the FSU. That is why in Section 1 of this briefing we suggested using a very different formulation of the market model to better understand why so little NBC information has been illicitly transferred to date from the FSU. 

Hiin-layer chiDmatogrequally applicable to drugs in their piue state, to those extracted fi om pharmaceutical formulations, to illicitly numi ictiued materials, and to biological s[Pg.160]

Interestingly, the secondary effects of enantiomers may be masked by the presence of their antipodes and only surface after the therapeutic and toxicity properties of the enantiomers are compared with their respective racemate. For example, enantiomers of disopyramide illicit equal antiarrhythmic effects, but the S enantiomer possesses a greater extent of anticholinergic side-effects (12). Intuitively, a formulation composed of the R enantiomer would seem to be a safer alternative. However, it appears that the single enantiomer of disopyramide possesses additional side-effects that are minimal after administration of the racemic drug. 

During the last decade, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has developed into a widely applied method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals (both for the evaluation of pharmaceutical formulations and metabolites). These applications established the basis for introducing CE into the forensic held also. Today, capillary electrophoresis can be applied to a number of analytical problems in forensic science, including the analysis of gunshot residues, explosives, inks, dusts, soils, and, of course, illicit drugs, diverse toxicants, DNA hngerprinting, protein analysis, and so forth (for reviews, see Refs. 1 and 2). 

Prior to the selection of formulation, generally a hemocompatibility or local irritation study is performed for drug product intended to be injected either intravenously or subcutaneously, respectively. Route of administration can, in some cases, influence the immunogenicity of the molecule with the subcutaneous (SC) route having higher potential to illicit immune responses than the intravenous (IV) route. 

The most widely prescribed human-formulated drugs from the American Druggist, animal-formulated drugs from the Animal Health and Nutrition Service, as well as the common illicit drugs, have been compiled by Ng (7). 

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