Idling operation conditions

Suppose now that the designer has developed a tentative design for the vessel, which includes the number of layers, material specifications for each layer, and the thickness of each layer, as well as the determination of the installation temperature, cure and operating conditions, and the maximum and minimum ambient temperatures that will be encountered both during operation and when idle. These operating and cure conditions to be specified are inside temperature and pressure, ambient temperature, and inside and outside heat transfer coefficient. 

Operation Conditions Idling Partial Load Full Load... 

Figure 45. Comparison between the operating range of catalyst temperature and reactant space time for a three-way catalyst at two engine operation conditions (idling and full load operation), and for various heterogeneous catalytic processes used in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Reprinted with permission from ref. [34], 1994 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

If partial fuel starvation (see Section 6.4.2) occurs under idle operation, for example due to water flooding issues, the corrosive conditions on the cathode will be maximized due to the higher cell voltage. 

The operating conditions for CPP are more severe than for Resid FCC (RFCC) to an extent that it is allowed to be operated in existing idle RFCC units without the risk of damage to the fabric of the plant. 

A gas turbine used in aircraft must be capable of handling a wide span of fuel and air flows because the thmst output, or pressure, covers the range from idle to full-powered takeoff. To accommodate this degree of flexibiUty in the combustor, fuel nozzles are usually designed with two streams (primary and secondary flow) or with alternate tows of nozzles that turn on only when secondary flow (or full thmst power) is needed. It is more difficult to vary the air streams to match the different fuel flows and, as a consequence, a combustor optimized for cmise conditions (most of the aircraft s operation) operates less efficiently at idle and full thmst. 

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