ICPs as Semiconductors

Electrodes are chosen to facilitate the charge injections into the luminescent polymer layer. Thus, the use of additional polymer layers (i.e., making multilayer electroluminescence devices) raises the device efficiency. For example, using an electron-transporting (hole-blocking) layer between the cathode and the electroluminescent polymer moves the recombination of holes and electrons away from the 

These problems may be overcome by the use of organic photovoltaic solar cells [117-120], which consist of a donor and an acceptor material, each possessing its individual HOMO and LUMO energy levels. For an efficient device configuration, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the donor material must be higher com- 

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