Icon plot

The bidimensional methods of representation most used by multivariate techniques are direct methods, such as matricial dispersion diagrams, and icon plots based on histograms, profiles or stars projection approach techniques, that represent observations in the new variables obtained, and which fulfil a specific objective (principal components, canonical variables, etc.) and dendrograms that inform about the similarity of observations or variables (Krzanowski 1988). 

Besides these main categories, a large number of hybrid visualization techniques also exist, which arc combinations of the methods described. Well-known hybrid approaches arc the 2D or 3D glyph displays. These techniques combine the multidimensional representation capabilities of icon-based methods with the easy and intuitive representations of scatter-plot displays, Therefore these techniques can also be frequently found within chemical data analysis applications. 

Notice that the trace is added to the active plot in the active window. To enlarge a window, click the LEFT mouse button on the maximize icon HD as shown below ... 

Figures and plots can be generated easily via MATLAB. These can be transformed into and stored in many formats, such as MATLAB s generic, , .fig, or as Jpeg, postscript, RAW, TIFF, etc. files as desired. Simply look at the dialogue box that pops up from the save icon of a MATLAB figure. For a quick introduction to MATLAB graphics, type demo matlab graphics and a Help window will open, that lets you choose several clickable graphics demonstrations. We defer further explanations to our relevant graphics codes in later chapters.

The last three phase plots were all created from the same 3D graphics MATLAB window of Figure 4.34 by clicking on the Rotate MATLAB figure icon, then dragging the mouse and thereby rotating the 3D image in the window until the base plane becomes one of the three 2D phase planes. 

Here, A soivent includes the solvent-induced reaction (A ) plus terms for possible catalysis by H30+ (k ) and OH (icon). These pathways can be investigated in the usual manner by measurements in the absence of general acids and bases. Catalysis by general acids (HA) and/ or bases (B) is observed experimentally when the rate constant is plotted against the total concentration of general acid and general base at constant pH (Fig. 11.2A, where different possible outcomes are shown). 

To plot the points, select the xy data (cells B2 D6) from the original worksheet. Cliek on the Chart Wizard icon shown in the margin. Select XY(Scatter) from the standard types list and click on Next>. When the Step 2 of 4 window appears, click on Next> again. Click on the Gridlines tab, and check Major gridlines under Value (X) axis. Then click on the Titles tab, and enter x in the Value (X) axis blank and y in the Value (Y) axis blank. Finally, click on Finish to produce the following graph of the data. 

Step 10 Create a new mesh (called remesh) by choosing the icon with a triangle inside a triangle either click on = , or the = with a circle (to restart from the last solution). If the plots of the solution are substantially the same as the 15-element case, the mesh is good enough. 

Or, click on the arrow plot icon, or streamline plot icon (flow plot) ... 

After you have set the boundary conditions, you can solve the problem by clicking on the = icon. The solution is found, and plotted for you. A color plot of the solution is... 

It should be pointed out that the sum current, which can be measured in electrochemical experiments as the current between the counter and the working electrode, is not the corrosion current. The corrosion current Icon cannot be measured directly, and has to be determined by extrapolation from semilogarithmic plots of the polarization curve or from the slope of the polarization curve at Econ using the Stern-Geary equation. 

The values of Econ and Icon are calculated by solving the anodic and cathodic reactions shown in Eqs. (15.5a) and (15.5b). Also, assuming feorr values from —2 to —8, one can calculate corresponding E values for the anodic and cathodic reactions. A plot of anodic and cathodic reactions is shown in Fig. 15.3. 

We now need to set up the plots we want Left-click and then right-click on the name of your product stream, hi the menu that opens go to Forms, and click on All Variables. This opens a table for this product stream. We will use this for dra ng variables. Click on the icon of a star on top of a square donut (in toolbar). Name the plot (e.g., Chromatographyl ). Click on plot. Click OK. Drag the variable Process in.C( fructose ) to the y axis. Do this for dextran T6 as well. Double-click on the plot, which opens a window, Pfs Plot 24.0 Control Properties. Click on the second tab. Axis Map, and click on all in one. Then click OK. This puts the two concentrations on the same scale. (The problem with two scales is Aspen has a tendency to use different ranges, which makes conparisons rather difficult.) Close the product line table. 

Cyclic polarisation test carried out in 2.5 % NaHCOs + 0.5 % NaCl + 0.1 % CaCl2 solution on MS and WS after exposed in humid SO2 environment for 9 m. The polarisation plots are given in Fig. 3.49 along with corrosion rate Icon) in Table 3.23. 

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