Ice wedges

Figure 7 Near-vertical sandstone wedge remaining from fill of ice wedge penetrating the Cattle Grid Breccia (680 Ma), in the Mt. Gunson Mine, South Australia (photo courtesy of G. E. Williams).

Young G. M. and Long D. G. E. (1976) Ice wedge casts from the Huronian, Ramsay Lake Eormation (2300 m.y. old), near Espanola, northern Canada. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 19, 191-200. 

Allen, J.R.L. (1987a) Dimlington Stadial (late Devensian) ice-wedge casts and involutions in the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain. Geological Journal 22, 109-18. 

Lanks, H. C. (1944). Highway to Alaska (200 pp). New York D. Appleton-Century Company. Leffingwell, E. de K. (1915). Ground-ice wedges the dominant form of ground-ice in the north coast of Alaska Journal of Geology, 23,635-654. 

Although extensive ice masses are typical of permafrost in more humid, low-elevation regions, they are essentially absent along the QTEC. Only small ice-wedge casts have been observed in a few places. 

The natural thermal fluctuations in saturated soils result in the deformation in the direction of the heat flux vector of the material known as frost heave. We endow the term with quotations for the simple fact that the phenomenon can be explained by no single mechanism. There are two very important manifestations of frost heave. Perhaps the most aesthetically pleasing and curious is the cryoturbation of land forms into impressive features including sorted stone circles and ice wedge polygons. The motion of the soil on this scale has severely deleterious effects on man-made structures such as pipelines. Although there is a contrast between observing naturally oc-... 

In a shaker, mix all the liquid ingredients except sour mix and Coke shake and pour into a 12-ounce glass with ice. Fill the glass to /2 inch from the top with sour mix. Add Coke until the drink is the color of weak iced tea. Garnish with a lemon wedge. 

Fill a 14-ounce glass (rimmed with salt) with ice. Add the vodka and juice. Float Campari on top. Garnish with a lime wedge. 

In a shaker filled with ice, combine the vodka and pickling liquid. Shake and strain into a chilled martini glass. Garnish the rim with a tomato wedge. 

Mix the Clamato juice with the spices and seasonings. Pour the sherry into an 8-ounce glass filled with ice. Top off with the spiced Clamato juice and garnish with the lemon wedge. 

Pour Maker s Mark into a rocks glass filled with ice and top with Dr. Brown s Cel-Ray. Garnish with a lemon wedge. 

Muddle the mint with the lime juice in the bottom of a tall cocktail glass. Add the rum, sugar, crushed ice and soda. Cover and shake, and uncover, serving with a lime wedge. 

Shake the ingredients with ice. Strain into a glass. For a sugar rim, swipe the rim with a lemon wedge dab with sugar. 

To a pitcher with ice, add pineapple juice, vodka and lime juice. Mix and strain into 4 chilled martini glasses. Add the pineapple-wedge garnish. 

Stir the shochu and lemon or lime juice with ice. Strain into a Collins glass filled with ice. Garnish with a kumquat, split and wedged onto the glass s rim. 

Fill a highball glass with ice. Add rum and fill to the top with ginger ale. Garnish with a ginger slice and lime wedge. 

Combine the liquid ingredients in a cocktail shaker with ice. Shake and strain into a martini glass. Garnish with a lime wedge. 

With their method, Skapski et al. [ 1041 measured the surface stress of the ice-water interface to be 120 mN/m. This agrees with a more recent result of Hansen et al who report a value of I30 mN/m for the ice-water interface [ 105]. By using a combination of NMR and calorimetry to detect the melting, they extended the method to porous solids instead of a wedge. A surface stress around 120 mN/m is, however, surprisingly high. Earlier experimental and theoretical results were in the range of 10-35 mJ/m 1106. ... 

Black RF (1976) Periglacial features indicative of permafrost ice and soil wedges. Quat Res 6 3-26... 

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