Hypovolemia fluid resuscitation

The fluid therapy plan should be divided into three stages initial resuscitation, rehydration and maintenance. The focus of resuscitation is the rapid reversal of hypovolemia. Rehydration aims to replace fluid losses. The maintenance phase aims to prevent the occurrence of further fluid deficits. In severely hypovolemic horses, a transition phase, in which fluid rates are higher than those calculated for the rehydration phase, may be necessary after initial resuscitation. The need for this should be assessed based on the clinical and laboratory responses to the initial resuscitation. Although plasma electrolyte imbalances may... 

The resuscitation phase aims to restore circulating volume. There are two ways to think about the treatment of hypovolemia, both of which result in similar treatment patterns. Hypovolemic horses typically require 20-80 ml/kg of crystalloid fluids acutely. 

On the other hand, patients developing multiorgan failure several days to weeks after exposure should receive routine critical care because they have likely received a moderate exposure and have a reasonable chance of survival. Significant bums, hypovolemia and hypotension require early resuscitation with fluids. Additional critical care may include endotracheal intubation, anticonvulsant agents, anxiolytic agents and sedatives as necessary (2). 

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