Hyksos

The subject embodies a mix of religion and politics that has fermented throughout history, occasionally erupting. The earliest traces we have of this are with first dynasty Egyptian Pharaohs. The trail tracks the devastating Hyksos invasion of Egypt and the Exodus of the Children of Israel from Egypt. 

Certainly, the period in Palestine after the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt in 1567BCE was much more commercially advanced than the narrow focus implied to us by the Biblical stories." After the expulsion of the Hyksos, Palestine enjoyed a period of prosperity as the Israelites retained close cultural affinities with the Hurrians and Mediterranean peoples of Crete, the Cyclades and the richer areas of Mainland Greece. 

Another of Yahweh s names eonfirms this. He was Elath-Iahu, the Kenite Smith god. As foreshadowed in Chapter 3, the latter part of the name, lahii, had a very aneient provenance. It dates from about 2630BCE as a title of the god Set. Homs, the divine son of Osiris who overcame Osiris brother Set, was the Calflahu. The Hyksos Israelites may well have heard this name for Yahweh in Egypt where he was analogous to Set. We know lahu is a divine name of Yahweh beeause Solomon is specifically aware of it. ... 

The Meluhha, Arabs and Hiskija or Hyksos formed an alliance about the time of Bochoris (720-715BCE). Late antique sources report that they returned to rebuild Avaris in alliance with the king of Jerusalem. 

So said the Egyptian priest Manetho in 330BCE about the Hyksos invasion that took place some one thousand five hundred years before his own time. " Savage evidence of severed limbs in grave pits seems to support his claim. ... 

Manetho also wrote that the Hyksos escaped to Syria where they built Jerusalem. Hekataios of Abdera similarly wrote in 300BCE that Jewish tradition of the Exodus came from the expulsion of the Hyksos. 

He maintained the Israelites were the Hyksos. Although the Exodus is an article of faith, modem archeologists are still unable to confirm or deny the Biblical traditions. We still do not know whether the Exodus was mythical or it actually occurred as described in the Bible. If it did occur, it could be the Hyksos expulsion (as Hekataios maintains) or a later event. 

It is, however, well recognized that the Hyksos conquerors of Egypt were overwhelmingly Semitic speaking Levant Asiatics, because most of the Hyksos names are Semitic. For example, Jacob exists as both a Hyksos Prince Mr wsr hr, Yaqob) and the Biblical Palestine... 

The main war force of the Hyksos was Indo-Hittite and more particularly Indo-Iranian Hurrian. These were the Haxa from Eastern Iran. We know less about this military force because of their peculiar characteristic of discouraging written records. 

The advanced chariotry of the invaders graphically demonstrates the Indo-Iranian influence within the Hyksos. This technology came from the Hurrians whose large Trans-Caspian horses easily displaced the small ass drawn chariots of the Egyptians. 

The Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni was contemporaneous with the Egyptian eighteenth dynasty. The Mitanni was still a potent military force at the end of the Hyksos occupation in 1567BCE. 

Due to convenient sea support and trading efficiency, the Hyksos capital remained at Avaris in the East Delta, most probably Tell el Daba a. The graves at Tell el Daba a contain many bronze weapons such as axes, daggers and knives made with fine metalwork styles developed in Syro-Palestine after the time of Pharaoh Sesostris I. 

Expansion of the Hyksos into the Mediterranean had the most far reaching of effects on civilization, as we know it today " ... 

What is today seen as Mycenaean material culture could usefully be seen as Hyksos or at least the Hyksos of the non-Cretan Aegean. .. and it was from this society that not only the cultivation of the later Mycenaean palaces but also Greek language and culture - as they survive until today - first took shape. 

The Hyksos lived mainly in the delta region and this area continued as the focus for Semitic Levant Asiatic aspirations for a thousand years. The Hyksos had limited control over Upper Egypt where they permitted the true Egyptian Pharaohs to reign. Pharaoh Seqenenre s... 

The Hyksos-Israelites escaped to Palestine. They remained there from 1567BCE until the Palestine campaign of Tuthmose III in I480BCE. There was extensive fragmentation in Palestine during this period ... 

The dislodged Hyksos re-established in a S nian town that they also called Kadesh or Holy City. This was Kadesh on the Orontes River. Today the Orontes River forms part of the border between Lebanon and Syria just above Damascus. 

The deposing of Amenmesse occurred at the same time that the followers of Set called on the successors of the Hyksos in Jerusalem for help. This has led some scholars to suggest that Amenmesse is Messui or Moses. However, there is a more compelling argument. 

Isis tricked Ra into revealing his name and this led to his downfall. However, Amun was not to be deceived. The post-Hyksos Egyptian deity Amun had learned invincibility from the god of the Indo-Hittites. His real name remained completely hidden because the Priests never defined it in the first place... 

It appears that Abraham s military movements relate to the Hyksos invasion of Eg q)t ... 

Aegyptus drove Danaus, his 50 sons and his 50 daughters from Egypt. While the brothers established Jemsalem, the daughters, called the Danaides, traveled to the Peloponnesus via Rhodes. This was the expulsion of the Hyksos, which we investigated in Chapter 6. 

Manetho, Diodoms Siculus and other classic authors identify Danaus with Dan of Israel. Manetho said the final expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt included that of a people known as the Danaoi. 

This fifth degree of seven also reminds us of the Eg tians anguish when mled by the Hyksos king Apophis, who fashioned himself as Typhon. Chapter 6 introduced this subject, which we will return to in Chapter 18. 

In contrast, the Jews objectively documented their story through wide study of the Bible and candid writings of the great Jewish alchemists. Jewish alchemy seemed to start at the Hyksos invasion of Egypt in 1801BCE when the Israelites participated in the royal secrets of the Philosophers Stone, known to the Old Kingdom Pharaohs. 

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