Hydroxychloroquine base

It may be prepared by the condensation of 4, 7-dichloro quinoline and N -ethyl-N -(2-hydroxyethyl)- , 4-pentanediamine and dissolving the resulting hydroxychloroquine base in absolute ethanol. The coversion to the corresponding sulphate is achieved by treating with an equimolar portion of sulphuric acid. 

Chloroquine- Chloroquine 300 mg (base) once 5 mg (base)/kg of body Hydroxychloroquine sulfate 310... 

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are similar in activity however, hydroxychloroquine has a lower incidence of ocular side effects and is used more frequently. These drugs are weak bases that enter and interfere with the functioning of lysosomes and other subcellular compartments of T- and B-lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. This in turn inhibits the ability of these cells to produce and release inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes. 

After an oral dose of hydroxychloroquine sulphate equivalent to 310 mg of the base to 6 subjects, peak plasma concentrations of 0.003 to 0.20 pg/ ml (mean 0.08) were attained in 3 hours. Following oral administration of hydroxychloroquine diphosphate equivalent to 1264 mg of the base to... 

In a further effort to develop better antimalarials by changing the substitution at the 4-amino function of chloroquine led to the discovery of hydroxychloroquine (5) with high antimalarial activity [11,12]. The search for newer 4-aminoquinoline drugs received a new dimension when Burckhalter et al. [13] discovered the antimalarial activity with some a-dialkylamino-o-cresols of the type 6 and 7. Consequently these authors prepared a large variety of Mannich bases attached to the 7-chloroquinolin-4-... 

Irreversible retinopathy and ototoxicity can result from high daily doses (>250 mg) of chloro-quine or hydroxychloroquine that lead to cumulative total doses of more than 1 g of base per kilogram body weight, such as those used for treatment of diseases other than malaria. Retinopathy can be avoided if the daily dose is 50 mg. Prolonged therapy with high doses of 4-aminoquinoline also can cause toxic myopathy, cardiopathy, and peripheral neuropathy these reactions improve if the drug is withdrawn promptly. Rarely, neuropsychiatric disturbances, including suicide, may be related to overdose. 

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