Hydrophosphination catalysis

The acrylate complex 10 was suggested to be the major solution species during catalysis, since the equilibrium in Scheme 5-11, Eq. (2) lies to the right (fQq > 100)-Phosphine exchange at Pt was observed by NMR, but no evidence for four-coordinate PtL, was obtained. These observations help to explain why the excess of phosphine present (both products and starting materials) does not poison the catalyst. Pringle proposed a mechanism similar to that for formaldehyde and acrylonitrile hydrophosphination, involving P-H oxidative addition, insertion of olefin into the M-H bond, and P-C reductive elimination (as in Schemes 5-3 and 5-5) [11,12]. 

Similar catalytic reactions allowed stereocontrol at either of the olefin carbons (Scheme 5-13, Eqs. 2 and 3). As in related catalysis with achiral diphosphine ligands (Scheme 5-7), these reactions proceeded more quickly for smaller phosphine substrates. These processes are not yet synthetically useful, since the enantiomeric excesses (ee s) were low (0-27%) and selectivity for the illustrated phosphine products ranged from 60 to 100%. However, this work demonstrated that asymmetric hydrophosphination can produce non-racemic chiral phosphines [13]. 

Pringle, P.G., Brewin, D., and Smith, M.B., Metal-catalyzed hydrophosphination as a route to water-soluble phosphines, in Aqueous Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis, Vol. 5, Horvath, I.T. and Joo, F., Eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1995, p. 111. 

Abstract In the first part of this mini review a variety of efficient asymmetric catalysis using heterobime-tallic complexes is discussed. Since these complexes function at the same time as both a Lewis acid and a Bronsted base, similar to enzymes, they make possible many catalytic asymmetric reactions such as nitroal-dol, aldol, Michael, Michael-aldol, hydrophosphonyla-tion, hydrophosphination, protonation, epoxide opening, Diels-Alder and epoxi-dation reaction of a, 3-unsaturated ketones. In the second part catalytic asymmetric reactions such as cya-nosilylations of aldehydes... 

Simultaneous publication of the iminium ion catalysed hydrophosphination of a,p-unsaturated aldehydes by Melchiorre and Cordova showed diarylprolinol silyl ether 55 was effective in the conjugate addition of diphenylphosphine 74 [117, 118], Direct transformation of the products allowed for one-pot methods for the preparation of P-phosphine alcohols 75 (72-85% yield 90-98% ee), P-phosphine oxide acids 76 (65% yield 92% ee) and 3-amino phosphines 77 (71% yield 87% ee) (Scheme 34). These reports represent the first examples of the addition of P-centred nucleophiles and the resulting highly functionalised products may well have further use in asymmetric catalysis. 

Metal complex chemistry, homogeneous catalysis and phosphane chemistry have always been strongly connected, since phosphanes constitute one of the most important families of ligands. The catalytic addition of P(III)-H or P(IV)-H to unsaturated compounds (alkene, alkyne) offers an access to new phosphines with a good control of the regio- and stereoselectivity [98]. Hydrophosphination of terminal nonfunctional alkynes has already been reported with lanthanides [99, 100], or palladium and nickel catalysts [101]. Ruthenium catalysts have made possible the hydrophosphination of functional alkynes, thereby opening the way to the direct synthesis of bidentate ligands (Scheme 8.35) [102]. 

More than 20 years ago, Pringle and co-workers showed that hydrophosphination is a suitable reaction to prepare useful phosphine ligands for homogeneous catalysis by using platinum metal complexes. More recently, this reaction has been extended to the preparation of P-stereogenic phosphines and derivatives. 

Organolanthanide complexes differ from late d-block transition metal complexes in several aspects. They are electrophilic, kinetically labile and lack conventional oxidative addition/reductive elimination pathways in their reactions. They have alternative mechanisms to perform catalytic transformations and are being increasingly used in homogeneous catalysis. The hydrophosphination reaction was proposed to proceed through the cycle depicted in... 

Keywords Barium Calcium Catalysis Dehydrocoupling Dehydrogenation Group 2 Heavier Alkaline Earth Heterofunctionalization Hydroamination Hydroboration Hydrogenation Hydrophosphination Hydrosilylation Magnesium Strontium... 

Busacca and co-workers have prepared menthol-derived phosphinite boranes 101 and 102, by direct addition of anionic secondary phosphine borane 100 to carbodiimides, yielding the chiral phosphinite boranes under ambient temperature conditions (Scheme 25). These and other derivatives, prepared by hydrophosphination of carbodiimides, were used in the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched phosphaguanidines with potential use as ligands in asymmetric catalysis. 

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