Hydrohalogenation derivatives

Chiral Ligand for other Stereoselective Reactions. The effect of the addition of dihydroquinidine-derived alkaloids on the product enantioselectivity has also been investigated in the addition reaction of Diethylzinc to aldehydes, in the addition of aromatic thiols to conjugated cycloalkenones, and in the heterogeneous hydrohalogenation of a,a-dichlorobenzazepinone-2. In these cases, the dihydroquinidine derivatives were not the optimal ligands. 

Besides the addition of halogens and hydrohalogens across the double bond just covered, there are many other reagents that will react similarly with unsaturated polymers by free radical, ionic, or radical-ion mechanisms. Of prime importance is the addition of ethylene derivatives to polydienes. One of the earliest reactions of natural rubber to be studied in detail was the combination with maleic anhydride (Cunneen and Porter, 1965). Depending on the reaction conditions and the presence or absence of free radical initiators, one or more of four basic reactions may take place, with the products shown (the arrows indicate where the addition has taken place and the new bonds formed). 

Hydrohalogenation s. Halides from ethylene derivs. Hydrolysis (s. a. Cleavage,... 

The workhorse amphoteric surfactants are the alkyl- and alkylamidopropyl betaines, containing C8-C18 linear chain distributions that are derived from coconut or palm kernel oil, or ethylene-based alpha olefins. The alkyl betaines are prepared from ADMA feedstocks that are typically derived from alpha olefins and dimethyl amine throngh hydrohalogenation and alkylation reaction steps. The alkylamidopropyl betaines are based on tertiary amines derived from whole triglycerides or their fractionated derivative fatty acids or methyl esters reacted with DMAPA. 

Epoxides can be synthesized from internal nucleophilic substitution of halo-hydrins, which can be derived from hydrohalogenation of alkenes. 

As in the case of hydrohalogenation the bulk of the theoretical studies on the halogenation of diene polymers has been made on natural rubber with chlorine as the halogen. As with natural rubber hydrochloride the derivative has some commercial value. 

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