Hydrogen peroxide peroxydisulfate

Other oxidizing agents that can be used include nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, peroxydisulfate, chlorate and the pervanadyl ion. The anhydrous... 

Photooxidation of organic phosphorus may be performed by UV irradiation on the untreated sample, and relying on the dissolved oxygen present in the sample to provide an adequate source of oxygen or hydroxyl radicals. However, it is more common that hydrogen peroxide, peroxydisulfate, ozone, or other oxidizing agents are added to enhance the completeness of the oxidation process. 

The electrolytic processes for commercial production of hydrogen peroxide are based on (/) the oxidation of sulfuric acid or sulfates to peroxydisulfuric acid [13445-49-3] (peroxydisulfates) with the formation of hydrogen and (2) the double hydrolysis of the peroxydisulfuric acid (peroxydisulfates) to Caro s acid and then hydrogen peroxide. To avoid electrolysis of water, smooth platinum electrodes are used because of the high oxygen overvoltage. The overall reaction is... 

Equations (15.85) and (15.86) constitute the basis for one method of producing hydrogen peroxide. When heated, solid peroxydisulfates decompose with the liberation of oxygen. 

In general, the importance of the acceptor properties of all types of compounds containing an 0—0 bond should be emphasized. A likely function of a peroxidic compound (hydrogen peroxide, alkyl peroxides, acyl peroxides, peroxydisulfate, to mention a few commonly used ones) under photochemical conditions (UV light) should be that of an electron acceptor from an excited state. Moreover, the electron acceptor efficiency is high in view of the dissociative nature of the ET step. 

Ammonium peroxydisulfate in acidic medium can oxidize Mn2+ to permanganate, Ce3+ to Ce4+ and Cr3+ to CY (dichromate). The half-reaction for hydrogen peroxide in acid medium is as follows ... 

These reactions are the basis for a commercial preparation of hydrogen peroxide. The 0-0 linkage in the peroxydisulfate ion is rather unstable, so heating these solid compounds produces elemental oxygen ... 

IV. Stoichiometry of the Reaction of Peroxydisulfate Ion with Hydrogen Peroxide and Evidence of Acidity Constant of the HOj Radical... 

Isatin, which can be considered a cyclic a-keto amide, is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide exclusively to isatoic anhydride, whereas with potassium peroxydisulfate, 2,3-dioxo-l,4-benzoxazine is obtained (equation 394) [260]. 

In vinyl compound polymerization of vinyl acetate, alcohol, bromide, chloride, or carbonate, ascorbic acid can be a component of the polymerization mixture (733-749). Activators for the polymerization have been acriflavine (734), other photosensitive dye compounds (737,738), hydrogen peroxides (740,741,742), potassium peroxydisulfate (743), ferrous sulfate, and acyl sulfonyl peroxides (747). Nagabhooshanam and Santappa (748) reported on dye sensitized photopolymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of ascorbic acid-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate complex. Another combination is vinyl chloride with cyclo-hexanesulfonyl acetyl peroxide with ascorbic acid, iron sulfate, and an alcohol (749). Use of low temperature conditions in emulsion polymerization, with ascorbic acid, is mentioned (750,751). Clarity of color is important and impact-resistant, clear, moldable polyvinyl chloride can be prepared with ascorbic acid as an acid catalyst (752) in the formulation. 

Epoxidation. 30% Hydrogen peroxide proves effective in epoxidizing unactivated alkenes in the presence of Af.N -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Epoxidation of enones is mediated by tetrabutylammonium peroxydisulfate. ... 

Moreno-Castilla, C. el al.. Activated carbon surface modifications by nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and aimnonium peroxydisulfate treatments, Langmuir, 11, 4386, 1995. 

Accelerating the rate of chemical reactions with oxidants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, peroxydisulfate, dichromate and nitric acid [136]. The free radicals formed are used to break down organic molecules and the addition of a TiC>2 suspension as a photocatalyst [139] further enhances degradation. 

The purification of the water has been previously described (10). With the exception of the arsenious oxide (from Carlo Erba, Italy), the chemicals used were Merck analytical products. The peroxymonosul-fate samples were obtained from hydrolysis of potassium peroxydisulfate solutions a 10"2M K2S208 solution in 1M sulfuric acid was heated at 60 °C. for 75 minutes and let cool overnight inside the thermostated bath (an ultrathermostat Colora was used). Under these conditions, the peroxydisulfate remaining in the solution, as well as the hydrogen peroxide formed in the simultaneous hydrolysis of the Caro s acid, are small when compared with the resulting peroxymonosulfate concentration. 

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