Hydrogen gross structure

For example, measurement of the IS Lamb shift in [34] is disentangled from the measurement of the Rydberg constant by using the experimental data on two different intervals of the hydrogen gross structure [34]... 

From Habranthus brachyandrus habranthine (155) (mp 198-199° [ ]-5d — 320°) has been isolated in 0.006% yield. Its gross structure has been initially determined by converting (155) via hydrogenation, thionyl chloride treatment, and LiAlH4 reduction into deoxylycoramine (154). The NMR spectra of the alkaloid and of its 0,0-diacetate pointed to the structure 155 with a hydroxy group 3 to the nitrogen atom in the tyramine-derived moiety of the molecule. Indeed, the protons at C-3 and C-12 appeared as triplets at 4.10 and 3.43 ppm in the spectrum of the base and at 5.30 and 4.88 ppm in that of the diacetyl derivative. 

In an alternate interpretation the muon/electron charge ratio can be extracted. For hydrogen-like systems the leading order for the gross structure energy is proportional to (Z2a)a/n2 where Z is the nuclear charge in units of the... 

A detailed description of the bonding in hydrates evidently requires a knowledge of the positions of the H atoms. In the earlier X-ray studies it was not possible to locate these atoms, and it was assumed that they were responsible for certain unusually short 0-0 or 0-X distances in the crystals. Later studies, particularly n.d. and n.m.r., have confirmed this and led to the precise location of the H atoms. It is now becoming possible to discuss not only the gross structures of the compounds, that is, the spatial arrangement of the heavier atoms, but also two aspects of the finer structure, namely, the positions of the H atoms in hydrogen bonds and the ordering of the protons. Reference to these topics will be made later. 

Elaeokanine C is also a colourless gum, and is suspected to have the molecular formula C12H21N02, although it has not been subjected to elemental analysis. Its i.r. and n.m.r. spectra are consistent with the structure (18), in which the hydrogen atom at C-7 is equatorial and those at C-8 and C-9 are axially disposed. This gross structure is supported by the reaction of elaeokanine C with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, which affords an a/J-unsaturated ketone having the same retention time on g.l.c. as elaeokanine A.8... 

The most important interaction between the two particles is the Coulomb attraction, which leads to a gross structure of the energy levels identical in form with that of hydrogen. The scale is smaller by the factor two because of the reduced-mass correction, so that the wavelengths are doubled. The matrix elements of the dipole moment are doubled compared with hydrogen, since the electron-positron distance is twice as great as the electron-proton distance. The transition probabilities, which are proportional to r er>2, are therefore halved. These predictions are confidently affirmed, although experimental confirmation has not yet been reported. 

The fine structure terms are of order a2 times the gross structure, as in hydrogen. The term in n 1 displaces all the levels of a given n by the same amount, and is reminiscent of a similar term in hydrogen (section 6.10). The fine structure splitting appears in the term in n s. There is no degeneracy between states of different orbital anguiar moment am. 

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