Hydrogen atoms concentration profile

Fig. 11. (a) Capacitance transient spectra from Co-60 - irradiated, n-type Si samples, one of which had been pretreated in an H plasma. Note the reduced defect state density in this sample, (b) Concentration profile of the O-V centers induced in these samples. There is a reduced defect concentration only in the region in which atomic hydrogen was incorporated. 

One technique that has been able to measure hydrogen concentration in a thin film and do a depth profile, without reliance on standards, uses a resonant nuclear reaction technique.16 In this procedure, the nuclear reaction between a hydrogen atom ( H) and an energetic nitrogen-15 atom (1SN) is used. That is... 

Concentration Profiles. The relative fluorescence intensity profiles for OH, S2, SH, SO, and SO2 were converted to absolute number densities according to the method already outlined. Resulting concentration profiles for a rich, sulfur bearing flame are exhibited in Figure 17. H-atom densities were calculated from the measured OH concentrations and H2 and H2O equilibrium values for each flame according to Equation 6. Similar balanced radical reactions were used to calculate H2S and S concentrations 6). Although sulfur was added as H2S to this hydrogen rich flame, the dominant sulfur product at early times in the post flame gas is S02 ... 

Fig. 2.26 summarizes the interactions of hydrogen with the surface of a-Si H, illustrated by measurements on p-type material at 250 °C. Exposure of the surface to atomic hydrogen increases the surface concentration and causes hydrogen to diffuse into the film. The shape of the concentration profile is the same as for the normal hydrogen diffusion, indicating that the extra hydrogen is bonded to... 

Let us examine each step of the orthoester hydrolysis under the operating stereoelectronic effects that vary with the variation in the conformational profile. Consider the acetal 92 and the nine well-defined conformers 92a-92i. The con-formers 92c and 92e suffer from severe steric interactions between the methyl groups as shown and, hence, their concentration at equilibrium should be expected to be negligible. Likewise, conformers 92g-92i also suffer from severe steric interactions between the methyl of the axial methoxy group and the axial hydrogen atoms on ring positions 4 and 6 as shown for 92 g. The equilibrium concentration of each of these conformers also should be expected to be negligible like those of 92c and 92e. We may eliminate all these conformers from further discussion. 

The use and importance of aromatic compounds in fuels sharply contrasts the limited kinetic data available in the literature, regarding their combustion kinetics and reaction pathways. A number of experimental and modelling studies on benzene [153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158], toluene [159, 160] and phenol [161] oxidation exist in the literature, but it would still be helpful to have more data on initial product and species concentration profiles to understand or evaluate important reaction paths and to validate detailed mechanisms. The above studies show that phenyl and phenoxy radicals are key intermediates in the gas phase thermal oxidation of aromatics. The formation of the phenyl radical usually involves abstraction of a strong (111 to 114 kcal mof ) aromatic—H bond by the radical pool. These abstraction reactions are often endothermic and usually involve a 6 - 8 kcal mol barrier above the endothermicity but they still occur readily under moderate or high temperature combustion or pyrolysis conditions. The phenoxy radical in aromatic oxidation can result from an exothermic process involving several steps, (i) formation of phenol by OH addition to the aromatic ring with subsequent H or R elimination from the addition site [162] (ii) the phenoxy radical is then easily formed via abstraction of the weak (ca. 86 kcal moT ) phenolic hydrogen atom. 

A first limit rate expression is obtained when surface rate contributions are rate determining.The concentration profile is plotted in Fig. 18.22. Although the use of Henry s law (Equation [18.1]) as boundary conditions is usually limited to the case of molecular diffusion (polymer membranes), it can also be used to describe permeation across metallic membranes with surface rate-determining step (rds). In such cases, the dissociative physisorption step of H2 into H is assumed to be fast and at equilibrium. Steps (3) and (5) of the sorption mechanism are rds and the relationship between surface hydrogen ad-atoms and pressure is given by Equation [18.8] ... 

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