Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization

Hydrocracking and hydroisomerization are related bond breaking and rearrangement processes which rely on the use of dual function catalysts operating under high hydrogen pressure to achieve their objectives. In fact, they share the same fundamental mechanistic steps and differ mainly in the degree to which some 

Its ability to produce clean fuels with properties meeting the most stringent regulatory requirements has accentuated the demand even further. 

---

Different treatments provide lubricant bases having accentuated isoparaffinic structures these are the bases from hydrorefining, hydrocracking and hydroisomerization (see paragraph 10.3.2.2.c.2). 

Shell Gas B.V. has constructed a 1987 mVd (12,500 bbhd) Fischer-Tropsch plant in Malaysia, start-up occurring in 1994. The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) process, as it is called, uses natural gas as the feedstock to fixed-bed reactors containing cobalt-based cat- yst. The heavy hydrocarbons from the Fischer-Tropsch reactors are converted to distillate fuels by hydrocracking and hydroisomerization. The quality of the products is very high, the diesel fuel having a cetane number in excess of 75. 

The Influence of Chain Length in Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization of w-Alkanes... 

W. Ding, J. Liang, and L. L. Anderson, Hydrocracking and hydroisomerization of high-density polyethylene and waste plastic over zeolite and silica-alumina supported Ni and Ni-Mo sulfides. Energy Fuel, 11, 1219-1224 (1997). 

Product Quality of Products from SK Corporation s UCO Process (Severe Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization)... 

One patent application (30) describes the use of zeolite/TUD-1/ metal function for various refining processes, including hydrotreating, middle distillate hydrocracking, hydrocracking for lubes (commonly called lubes hydrocracking ), and hydroisomerization of heavy distillate. 

A more detailed description of the GTL process is (1) the prodnction of synthesis gas (syngas) from carbon-based feedstocks, (2) the FT reaction for conversion of syngas to higher liqnid hydrocarbons and long-chain waxy paraffins, and (3) the conversion of the solid long-chain waxy paraffins through hydrocracking and hydroisomerization back to liquid fuels. 

Although olefins are hydrogenated to the corresponding paraffin in the hydrotreater, they rapidly reach low (2-4%), equilibrium concentrations in the reforming unit. Once formed, they undergo reactions similar to paraffins. Hydrocracking and hydroisomerization occur more readily, due to the ease of formation of the carbenium ion intermediate from the olefin. Olefin cyclization also occurs. 

---