Hydrocarbons flow chart

The individual steps of the method are shown in the flow chart of Figure 1. Hydrocarbons are extracted from ocean water and measured by IR spectroscopy. Then the sample is placed on a silica gel column and hydrocarbons are eluted as a fraction(s) which is examined by IR and UV spectrometry, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Each of the principal steps is described in the following sections. Some aspects of this method and typical applications were briefly described by Brown etal. (6). 

Fig. 1. Simplified evaluation strategy for top seal assessment. The flow chart begins by determining if faults throws are greater than the top seal thickness. If so, then a fault seal analysis is an additional requirement. Top seals are simplified into three main types (1) massive shale, (2) layered shale/sand/silt, and (3) massive strata of other coarser grained lithologies. Key top seal risks and the data required to carry out their assessments are shown in the flow chart. The rectangles represent leakage scenarios and the ellipses indicate data which will contribute to analysis of the scenarios (abbreviations Fluid P, formation fluid pressure <5 hor, minimum horizontal stress Entry P, capillary entry pressure HC prop s, hydrocarbon physical properties, including wetting characteristics).

FIGURE 14.8 A flow chart showing the details of the hydrocarbon classification. 

FIGURE 14.20 A flow chart of the hydrocarbon classification emphasizing the aromatic classification to be discussed next in the text. 

The Alkylation of Isoparaffins. It has also been found that branched-Ichain paraffins will combine with olefins in the presence of an acid catalyst. Isobutylene and isobutanc, for example, combine to form a mixture of hydrocarbons from which both normal products (those having a multiple of four carbon atoms) and abnormal products (those having a number of carbon atoms not a multiple of four) have been isolated. A flow sheet is outlined in Chart 1 (see p. 144) which will account for some of the products commonly obtained. 

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