Hydrocarbon processing hydrocracking

The ART process is a process for increasing the production of transportation fuels and reduces heavy fuel oil production, without hydrocracking (Logwinuk and Caldwell, 1983 Green and Center, 1985 Gussow and Kramer, 1990 Bar-tholic et al., 1992 Hydrocarbon Processing, 1996). 

Fig. 18.22. Hydrocracking—Chevron Lummus Global LLC. Includes staged reactors (1,4), HP separators (2,5), recycle scrubber (3), LP separator (6), and fractionation tower (7). (Source Hydrocarbon Processing 2004 Refining Process Handbook. CD-ROM. September 2004 copyright 2004 by Gulf Publishing Co., all rights reserved.)...

A Billon, J. P. Frank, J. P. Peries, E. Fehr, E. Gallis, and E. Lorenz, More ways to use hydrocracking. Hydrocarbon Processing (1978). 

FIGURE 7.1 Process schematic for IFP lube hydrocracking plant in Puertollano, Spain. Source J. Angula, M. Gasca, J. L. Martinez-Cordon, R. Torres, A. Billon, M. Derrien, and G. Parc, IFP Hydrorefining Makes Better Oils, Hydrocarbon Processing 47(6) 111—115 (1968). With permission. 

Freese, C.E. Potter, R.B. A Guide to Desi of Hydrocracking Reactors. Hydrocarbon Processing Petroleum Refiner, December 1965, p. 115. 

At the same time, international concern with the negative environmental side effects of some hydrocarbon processes is increasing. Traditionally, crackers such as cokers or even hydrocrackers released a large amount of carbon dioxide or, in the case of cokers, other airborne pollutants as well. To make cracking more environmentally friendly, to save energy, and to convert feedstock efficiently are concerns shared by the public and the petroleum and petrochemical industries. This is especially so for companies when there are commercial rewards for efficient, clean operations. 

Fig. 15.17. Hydrocracking—UOP. Includes staged reactors (1, 2), gas separator (3), hydrogen separator (4), and product washer (5). (Hydrocarbon Processing, 69, no. 11, p. 102, Nov. 1990 copyright 1990 by Gulf Publishing Co. and used by permission of the copyright owner.)...

Catalysis. As of mid-1995, zeoHte-based catalysts are employed in catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, isomerization of paraffins and substituted aromatics, disproportionation and alkylation of aromatics, dewaxing of distillate fuels and lube basestocks, and in a process for converting methanol to hydrocarbons (54). 

Shell Gas B.V. has constructed a 1987 mVd (12,500 bbhd) Fischer-Tropsch plant in Malaysia, start-up occurring in 1994. The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) process, as it is called, uses natural gas as the feedstock to fixed-bed reactors containing cobalt-based cat- yst. The heavy hydrocarbons from the Fischer-Tropsch reactors are converted to distillate fuels by hydrocracking and hydroisomerization. The quality of the products is very high, the diesel fuel having a cetane number in excess of 75. 

Products from hydrocracking processes lack olefinic hydrocarbons. The product slate ranges from light hydrocarbon gases to gasolines to residues. Depending on the operation variables, the process could... 

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