Hydraulic fracturing damage

M. W. Conway and R. A. Schraufiiagel. The effect of fracturing fluid damage on production from hydraulically fractured wells. In Proceedings Volume, pages 229-236. Ala Univ et al Int Unconven Gas Symp (Intergas 95) (Tuscaloosa, AL, 5/14—5/20), 1995. 

The majority of hydraulic fracturing treatments are performed using water-based fluids foams (with nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the gas phase) have been used extensively in recent years to reduce formation damage. Oil-external emulsions have also been used for... 

Penny, G.S., Conway, M.W., and Lee, W.S. "The Control and Modelling of Fluid Leak-Off During Hydraulic Fracturing," SPE paper 12486, 1984 Formation Damage Symposium, Bakersfield, January. 

Penny, G.S. "Nondamaging Fluid Loss Additives for Use in Hydraulic Fracturing of Gas Wells," SPE paper 10659, 1982 SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium, Lafayette, March 24-25. 

Raible, C.J. "Formation Damage Due to Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids," National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research. Cooperative Agreement DE-FC01-83FE60149, October 1, 1983-September 30, 1988. 

Branagan, P.T., et al "Case History of Hydraulic Fracture Performance in the Naturally Fractured Paludal Zone The Transitory Effects of Damage," SPE paper/DOE 16397, 1987 SPE Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver, May 18-19. 

At present, the equipment and field applications of pulsating hydraulic fracturing technology have been studied by many scholars, but there are still many shortages of the research on the mechanism of coal fatigue failure. Therefore, based on the damage... 

Can you relate to Karl s desire to become Texas rich as compared to dirt poor Do you agree with his point about Mother Nature correcting any environmental damage caused by hydraulic fracturing operations Explain. 

Do you believe that hydraulic fracturing operations damage ground-water supplies ... 

The vast majority of these SDWA-regulated chemicals were the BTEX compounds—benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. The BTEX compounds appeared in 60 hydraulic fracturing products used between 2005 and 2009 and were used in 11.4 million gal of hydraulic fracfuring fluids. The Department of Healfh and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and fhe USEPA have defermined that benzene is a human carcinogen (ATSDR, 2007). Chronic exposure to toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylene can also damage the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys (USEPA, 2012b). 

In naturally fractured formations, an additional damage mechanism is the loss of whole mud deep into the formation. This form of damage is very difficult to remove entirely. Such damage may require hydraulic fracturing or repeated sequences of stimulation fluid injection and production, which is not always possible. 

Damage can be caused during hydraulic fracturing operations too. Significant fracturing damage mechanisms include the following ... 

If a well is not damaged or if it is but the damage is not acid removable, then there should be little to no expectation from an addizing treatment. Such a well should not be acidized. This is because addizing does not decrease skin much below zero, as can be shown from the radial-flow mathematics. However, an undamaged well may respond to hydraulic fracturing, or short skin bypass fracturing, if feasible from both a mechanical and a reservoir standpoint. 

Very low permeability (<1-10 mD) Avoid use of HF non-HF matrix stimulation (dictated by damage) or hydraulic fracturing is preferred ... 

Relatively low-cost formation damage removal treatments, such as acidizing, are unrivaled in their potential financial significance. This is especially true in medium- to high-permeability reservoirs, which are not often ideal candidates for hydraulic fracturing. ... 

Yang Y and Zhou W. 1991. Coupling model of seepage field and damaging field in fractured rock mass and Its application. J. of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 5, pp. 19-27. 

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