Hybrid Systems HYB

Hybrid systems are defined as those types of control devices that involve combinations of control mechanisms, for example, fabric filtration combined with electrostatic precipitation. Unfortunately, the term hybrid system has come to mean different things to different people. The two most prevalent definitions employed today for hybrid systems are  

Two or more pieces of different air pollution control equipment cormected in series, e.g., a baghouse followed by an absorber. 

An air pollution control system that utilizes two or more collection mechanisms simultaneously to enhance pollution capture, e.g., an ionizing wet scrubber (IWS), which will be discussed shortly. 

Estimate the water requirement of a spray dryer (dry SO2 scrubber) at a coal-fired incineration facility that treats 150,000 Ib/h of a flue gas at 2180°F. Assume an approach temperature to the adiabatic saturation temperature (AST) of 40°E The AST can be assumed to be 180°R 

A spray dryer flue gas desulfiuization (FGD) operation consists of four major steps  

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In further quest for development of more efficient materials, clue had been provided by ongoing mixed (interdisciplinary) research. Intelligently the immediate inspiration was drawn from mixed systems (i.e., blends, alloys or composites) based on conventional polymers, metals, and ceramics. Soon it was realized that the already established wide applicability of CPs/ICPs can be further expended by formation of multiscale/multiphase systems, e.g., a wide variety of electronically, electrochemically, and/or optoelec-tronically active blends (BLNs), conjugated copolymers (CCPs) and composites (CMPs) [both bulk or nanocomposites (NCs)] or hybrids (HYBs) [11,14-16,52,109,113,120,128,131,132,191-205]. The next section of the chapter covers the fundamental aspects of CP-based BLNs, CCPs, and NCs/ HYBs. In particular, their definitions (including etymology), types, properties, synthetic routes, and practical applications have been discussed with the help of suitable examples from the open literature. 

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