Hyaluronic acid function

L. Cen, K.G. Neoh, Y. Li, E.T. Kang, Assessment of in vitro bioactivity of hyaluronic acid and sulfated hyaluronic acid functionalized electroactive polymer. Biomacromolecules 5 (6) (2004) 2238-2246. 

Hyaluronidase is the antidote of choice for vinca alkaloid and high-concentration epipodophyllotoxin extravasations. Hyaluronidase breaks down hyaluronic acid, which functions as tissue cement. This promotes absorption of the extravasated drug away from the local site. Hyaluronidase also may be used for paclitaxel extravasations, but there are conflicting reports regarding its efficacy.39 Hyaluronidase should not be used with anthracycline extravasations because enhancement of local spread may occur. 

Huntsman solvent-based collection and refining system, 15 506 Huron-Dow process, 14 42, 53 Huygens principle, 17 424 H values, 23 284 Hyaluronan, 20 577 Hyaluronic acid, 4 706 20 456 classification by structure, 4 723t function as ingredient in cosmetics, 7 829t... 

The viability and function tests described above are used to evaluate the hepatocytes within the slice. Up to now, tests to measure the viability of the non-parenchymal cells have not been reported. The presence of the latter cell types is one of the conceptual advantages of slices as compared to isolated hepatocytes. As some drug targeting devices are designed to target non-parenchymal cells in the liver, the development of tests for the sinusoidal cell types deserves more attention. For example, the uptake of substrates such as succinylated human serum albumin (Suc-HSA,which is specifically endocytosed by endothelial cells [79]), or hyaluronic acid [80], can be used to assess the functionality of endocytotic pathways in the endothelial cells in the liver [81]. Other modified proteins that are specifically taken up by Kupffer cells such as mannosylated HSA, may be used to assess the functionality of the endocytotic pathway in Kupffer cells [79]. Another parameter which can be used to assess the functionality of these non-parenchymal liver cells, is the excretion of cytokines in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Non-parench5mal cell function in liver slices will be described in more detail in the Section 12.7. 

Pouyani T, Prestwich GD (1994) Functionalized derivatives of hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides drug carriers and novel biomaterials. Bioconjug Chem 5(4) 339-347... 

Figure 9.14 Proteoglycan aggregate found in cartilage. C and N are C and N termini of the core protein. Long wavy lines represent chondroitin sulfate, whereas the short lines represent keratan sulfate. All are linkied to the core protein via the O-serine linkage, except for a few oligosaccharide chains near the N terminus of the core protein. LP is link protein, and HA is hyaluronic acid. (Reproduced by permission from Hascall V. Introduction. Functions of the Proteoglycans, Ciba Foundation Symposium 124. New York Wiley Sons, 1986, p. 2.)...

The negative charges on these groups at neutral pH lead to electrostatic repulsion which increases the dimensions of the molecule. The large volume of solution occupied by such expanded molecules contributes to high viscosity, and aids in the function of hyaluronic acid as a joint lubricant. 

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