Human factors concepts

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (1989), Human Eactors Digest No. 1 Fundamental Human Factors Concepts, Circular 216-AN/131, Montreal. 

CAP 719, Fundamental Human Factors Concepts, Safety Regulation Group, UK CAA, Gatwick. 

Concept to Action Using Human Factors Concepts and Aviation Techniques to Improve Communication among Providers and with Patients... 

Consequently, prevention and error management programs based on system safety and human factors concepts not only improve safety within the workforce, but are also commercially attractive. As Professor Patrick Hudson, a leading world expert in system safety and human factors has argued, a company safety department or system should be seen as a profit centre, not as a cost centre (Hudson, 1998). 

Flemisch, R, Kelsch, J., Lbper, C., Schieben, A., and Schindler, J. 2008. Automation spec-tmm, inner/outer compatibility and other potentially useful human factors concepts for assistance and automation. In D. de Waard, F.O. Flemisch, B. Lorenz, H. Oberheid, and K.A. Brookhuis (Eds.), Human Factors for Assistance and Automation. Maastricht, the Netherlands Shaker Pubhshing, pp. 1 — 16. 

Human factors are an extremely important part of inherently safer concepts. Processes should be designed to avoid error traps. Chapter 6 of this book presents a discussion of human factors as related to inherently safer design. 

Facility System Safety (FSS), which is the application of system safety concepts to the facility acquisition process, has recently gained acceptance throughout the Department of Defense and most recently within the Department of Army with the conception of SAFEARMY 1990. The Army s goal is to fully integrate the total system safety, human factors, and health hazard assessments into continuous comprehensive evaluation of selected systems and facilities. The Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center (CRDEC) has mandated appropriate levels of system safety throughout the lifecycle of facility development for many reasons. These include ... 

FIGURE 6-1. Example human factors definition and concept< >. 

Ahlborg UG, Brouwer A, Fingerhut MA, et al. 1992. Impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls on human and environmental health, with special emphasis on application of the toxic equivalency factor concept. Europ J Pharmacol 228 179-199. 

Ahlborg UG (1989), Chemosphere 19 603-608. Nordic risk assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs" Ahlborg UG, Brouwer A, Fingerhut MA, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Kennedy SW, Kettrup AAF, Koeman JH, Poiger H, Rappe C, Safe SH, Seegal RF, Tuomisto J, van den Bergh M (1992), Eur. J. Pharmacol. 228 179-199.. .Impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, diben-zofurans and biphenyls on human and environmental health, with special emphasis on application of the toxic equivalency factor concept"... 

Demel, G., and Meshkati, N. (1989), Requisite variety A concept to analyze the effects of cultural context for technology transfer, in Proceedings of the 33 rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society. Santa Monica, CA Human Factors Society, pp. 765-769. 

When we audit an entity, we perform an examination of it. Dictionaries typically emphasize official examinations of (financial) accounts, reflecting the accounting origin of the term. Accounting texts go further for example, testing and checking the records of an enterprise to be certain that acceptable policies and practices have been consistently followed (Carson and Carlson 1977, p. 2). In the human factors field, the term is broadened to include nonfinancial entities, but it remains faithful to the concepts of checking, acceptable policies/practices, and consistency. 

The design review, a formal and documented review of a system design, is conducted by a committee of senior company personnel who are experienced in various pertinent aspects of product design, reliability, manufacturing, materials, stress analysis, human factors, safety, logistics, maintenance, and so on. Tlie design review extends over aU phases of product development, fiom conception to production. In each phase, previous work is u( ted, and the review is based on current information. 

Once the task networks were verified with knowledgeable crewmembers, they became part of the human factors team s analytical test bed. Figure 15 shows the overall method that we used to examine aspects of crew member performance across a wide variety of operational scenarios and crew configuration concepts. 

Generally the easiest concepts to place are controls. Any characteristic of the system or its operation designed to reduce risk should be expressed as a control. In this case the need for staff to check they are administering medication to the correct patient is clearly a control, indeed a human factor control. This control will need a parent cause and/or hazard to belong to and, as yet, there are no obvious candidates. We should put this to one side for now. 

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