Human-Detectable Defects

Bruises were also investigated on other commodities such as pickled cucumbers [128], mushrooms [129,130], strawberries [131], and kiwifruits [132]. In the study presented by Gaston etal [130], HSI in the shortwave NIR spectral range was used in order to predict the appearance of bruises on mushrooms by measuring their enzymatic activity. 

Dealing with animal products, Chao s team [144-146] investigated broiler wholesomeness (skin tumors detection, diseases, etc.) using a HS-multispectral line-scan imager. 

---

Computer systems are different from conventional components with regard to MS I. Special tests and procedures are required to prevent, or to detect, defects or deterioration in computer systems. Computer based systems are more vulnerable to electromagnetic disturbances than are conventional systems. Static discharges caused by the accumulation of electrical charges from human body surfaces or from components may cause damage to devices or components which are used to store... 

Several nontechnical factors can significantly affect the results of a nondestmctive inspection. Many of these are classified as human factors (1,2,17). Operator experience affects the probabiUty of detection of most flaws. Typically, an inexperienced operator has more false rejects, known as Type II errors, than an experienced operator. A poor operator has few false rejects but is more likely to miss a defect in the inspection, known as a Type I error. Operator fatigue, boredom, or an unfavorable environment such as lighting, cold, or rain may further affect performance. Thus it usually is a good investment for the inspection company to assure that the operator environment is most amenable to inspection, that the equipment is suitable for the task, and that the operator is alert and well rested. 

Tire means by which chemicals enter the body are inhalation (breadiing), ingestion (swallowing), and absorption (skin or living tissue contact). Once in the system these chemicals may produce such symptoms as tissue irritation, rash, dizziness, anxiety, narcosis, headaches, pain, fever, tremors, shortness of breath, birth defects, paralysis, cancer, and death, to mention a few. The amount of chemical diat enters the body is called the "dose." The relationship that defines the body response to the dose given is called the "dose-response curve." The lowest dose causing a detectable response is the "threshold limit." The "limit" is dependent on factors such as particle size of contaminant, solubility, breathing rate, residence time in the system, and human susceptibility. 

Functional" as used here for the human loci means rearranged in vivo with a sequence appropriate for transcription and translation into a stable protein (see Tomlinson et al., 1995). A gene segment may have an open reading frame and no obvious defect, but is not counted as functional unless it is detected as a MD)/ rearrangement that appears to encode a protein that can form a stable three-dimensional structure. 

---