Host cells viral interactions

The first step during a viral infection is the entry of a virus into the host cell. Viral entry is triggered by specific interactions between viral coat or envelope... 

Some eukaryotic viruses enter host cells by membrane fusion and endocytosis. Host-cell receptors interact with viral proteins, which initiates endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the virus escapes normal degradation pathways and releases its genetic material... 

Fig. 5. Attachment of a vims to a host cell by interaction of viral hemagglutinin (HA) with cell-surface sialic acid (SA).

Abstract The entry of viruses into target cells involves a complex series of sequential steps, with opportunities for inhibition at every stage. Entry inhibitors exert their biological properties by inhibiting protein-protein interactions either within the viral envelope (Env) glycoproteins or between viral Env and host-cell receptors. The nature of resistance to entry inhibitors also differs from compounds inhibiting enzymatic targets due to their different modes of action and the relative variability in... 

The endoparasite C. sonorensis has evolved with the ability to generate extrachromosomal genetic elements in the form of multiple double-stranded, superhelical DNA molecules. These DNA molecules are amplified in the calyx cell nucleus, packaged into viruses, and secreted in a complex process of viral maturation, which also provides a complex double viral envelope. One viral envelope is assembled in the cell nucleus, and the other is obtained during budding from the calyx cell surface into the oviduct lumen. Viral envelopes, which are derived from cellular membranes, may mediate species-specific virus host cell and tissue interactions. This could be one important aspect of the species-specific endoparasite-host relationship fundamental to parasite survival. 

Figure 17.31 Death of virally infected host celis via the death receptor on the host cell to which is bound the death ligand on the surface of the cytotoxic T-cell. The interaction between the ligand and the receptor results in activation of caspases that induce apoptosis. The latter process results in disintegration of the cell, the results of which are apoptotic vesicles that are phagocytosed and destroyed by the macrophages.

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