Hopping thermally induced

Hardness 115 Heat treatment 47-48 Hopping, thermally activated 40 Hydrodynamic amplification 76 Hysteresis 70 -, filler-induced 59, 76, 78... 

It was experimentally [32] and theoretically [33, 34] demonstrated that it is possible for a charge to migrate over long A-T tract sequences between G-C base-pairs via a thermally-induced hopping mechanism. However, a high conductivity can only be achieved for the G-C repeat sequences hampering the construction of DNA nanoelectric sensors and devices in which the use of various sequence patterns is indispensable [14]. 

Additionally to the thermally induced hopping the charge carries tuimel through the potential barrier. It can be determined within the Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin approximation for one dimension as ... 

An important parameter of carrier transport is the transfer time. It was estimated for two different sequences, i.e. 5 -G-(A) -GGG-3 and 5 -GG-(A) -GGG-3 depending on the number of stacked A pairs. The results are presented in Fig. 1. The dominating carrier tunneling up to n = 4-5 corresponds to the fast transfer time exponentially slowing down while n increases. The growth of the A sequence number leads to the saturation of the thermally induced hopping time, which is faster for these conditions. 

The model of one-dimensional carrier transport in DMA molecule has been developed. Tunneling and thermally induced hopping as the dominating transport mechanisms in periodic systems were included. DNA molecules have been estimated to operate as a switching device with the switching time as short as 10 -10 s controlled by nucleobase sequence. 

The thermosalient effect describes the situation whereby crystals jump or hop during a thermally induced polymorphic phase transition. The phenomenon is observable on a macroscopic level and occurs in both inorganic and organic crystals. The mechanism of hopping or jumping has not yet been elucidated. ... 

Two-proton transfer in crystals of carboxylic acids has been studied thoroughly by the 7 -NMR and IINS methods. The proton spin-lattice relaxation time, measured by T,-NMR, is associated with the potential asymmetry A, induced by the crystalline field. The rate constant of thermally activated hopping between the acid monomers can be found from Tj using the theory of spin exchange [Look and Lowe, 1966] ... 

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