Hologram images

Several other techniques referred to as microscopy and based on several different phenomena can be found in the literature. These include acoustic microscopy based on the interactions of acoustic waves with materials [28] the projection microscopy which is still under development and gives a hologram image of the sample illuminated by a beam of low energy electrons [29]. For membrane applications a scarming electrochemical microscope has been developed based on the measurement of the local flux of electroactive ions across the membrane. The ability to detect 1 pm radius pores separated by 50-100 pm has been demonstrated with mica membranes [30]. 

Catalyst B was used. Other water-borne catalysts can be formulated using the information found in US patent 5,082,734. The hologram Image (diamond pattern) used had a depth of 80 nm and a paak-to-peak distance of 460 nm. The catalyst was applied using a 25 pm wet film applicator. This was allowed to air dry. 

A polymer composite based on PVK can be used for quickly updatable hologram images due to its pho-torefractivity [74]. The composition of the polymer composite is shown in Table 1.3. 

Tsutsumi N, Kinashi K, Nonomura A, Sakai W. Quickly updatable hologram images using poly(A-vinyl carbazole) (PVCz) photorefractive polymer composite. Materials 2012 5(12) 1477-86. 

The second term represents a virtual image of the original object signal which can be viewed by an observer looking at the hologram along the original... 

An interesting appHcation is the study of aerosols, such as sprayed paint. A flash hologram of the paint spray at a convenient magnification records positions and sizes of the particles ia the hologram. This image can then be studied at leisure at higher magnification for size and shape of iadividual particles. 

Figure 6. A hologram of two gold particles embedded in a polymeric matrix. The image does not include the full hologram only the part of the original TEM image including the particles has been selected for an easier visualization of the interference fringes. (Thanks to Prof. B. Corain and Dr. P. Centomo (University of Padova, Italy) for providing the specimen and to Dr. P. G. Merli and to Dr. L. Ortolani (IMM-CNR Bologna, Italy) for the use of the FEI FEG-TEM.)...

This reference image must be taken in the very same condition of the object hologram so that for each reconstruction two subsequent images are normally used. The reference hologram is reconstructed in the same way as the object hologram and the corrected phase tp — obj Ref is used for data interpretation. 

Figure 11. Phase reconstruction of the whole hologram of image shown in Figure 10 showing that some pores still exist in the thermically annealed specimen. Phase map is displayed in (a) together with a line-scan averaged over a width of 30 pixels (c) and a surface plot (b) taken from a smaller region of (a). The surface plot has been heavily noise filtered through Gaussian smoothing to better display the holes shape.

Another important optical phenomena that relies on light interference and diffraction is holography, the process by which holograms (interference patterns) are produced. Whilst holograms are best known for the reproduction of near perfect 3D images of an object in the graphic arts, they also find apphcations in newer areas such as laser eye protection, LCDs, diffractive optical elements, optical processing... 

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