HIV viral replication

Other resveratrol oligomers have been evaluated for anti-HIV activity. In vitro testing of two resveratrol oligomers, balanocarpol (17b) and dibalanocarpol (20b), showed that both possessed moderate inhibitory activity against the HIV virus with EC50 values of 20 pg/mL and 46 pg/mL, respectively [53], Several other resveratrol oligomers have been tested however, these compounds did not inhibit HIV-viral replication [106],... 

Examples of the new generation of NNRTIs are etravirine (TMC125) and rilpivirine (TMC278), with activity against both wild type and resistant viral isolates. Etravirine was approved by the US Food and Drag Administration in lanuary 2008 and is indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in antiretroviral treatment-experienced adult patients who have evidence of viral replication and HIV-1 strains resistant to an NNRTI and other ARV agents. 

Env sequences both temporally and between patients. Two drugs that target HIV-1 entry, enfuvirtide and maraviroc, are now licensed for treatment of HIV-1 infection. The efficacy of these drugs validates entry as a point of intervention in viral hfe cycles and, in the context of HIV treatment, contributes to the growing armamentarium of antivirals which, in multidrug combinations, can effectively inhibit viral replication and prevent disease progression. 

IhRNAs have also been used to induce an anti-HIV-1 RNAi response (Barichievy et al. 2007 Konstantinova et al. 2006, 2007 Liu et al. 2007). These IhRNAs can be processed into multiple effective siRNAs, thus preventing the chance of viral escape. Although IhRNA have been shown to effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication, there is currently no data on their ability to prevent viral escape. The use of multiple siRNAs or IhRNAs should take into account the increased danger of side effects due to interference with cellular miRNA processing and function. 

Yamamoto M, Hayashi N, Takehara T, Ueda K, Mita E, Tatsumi T, Sasaki Y, Kasahara A, Hori M (1999) Intracellular single-chain antibody against hepatitis B virus core protein inhibits the replication of hepatitis B virus in cultured cells. Hepatology 30 300-307 Yang 00, Tran AC, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Roberts MR, Walker BD (1997) Lysis of HIV-1-infected cells and inhibition of viral replication by universal receptor T cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 11478-11483... 

Like HIV and other RNA viruses, HCV replicates as a quasispecies due to a high level of viral replication in combination with an error-prone replication strategy. Therefore, the issue of drug-resistance is expected to be a major challenge in this case as well. Indeed, resistance to HCV antiviral agents has already been... 

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