HIV co-receptors

Of the HIV co-receptors that may be polymorphic, the CCR2B and CCR3 receptors appear to function as minor co-receptors. A common Val64Ile substitution of the CCR2 receptor is associated with the delayed progression of HIV infection to AIDS. Although the variant has been shown to delay disease progression, it does not reduce the risk of infection [326],... 

The findings in 1996 that HIV uses CCR5 as a co-receptor [97-100] and that those individuals carrying the CCR5 A32 mutation are almost resistant against HIV infection [101-103] indicated that the inhibition of HIV co-receptors would be a promising strategy to prevent infection with HIV [104, 105]. 

The family of apelin peptides is derived from a single gene, activate a single G-protein-coupled receptor and are substrates for the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Apelins regulate cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis. The apelin receptor also functions as a co-receptor for infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency vims ( HIV). 

Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381 661-666 Derdeyn CA, Decker JM, Sfakianos JN, Wu X, O Brien WA, Ratner L, Kappes JC, Shaw GM, Hunter E (2000) Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gpl20. J Virol 74 8358-8367... 

Dittmar MT, McKnight A, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Weiss RA, Simmonds P (1997) HIV-1 tropism and co-receptor use. Nature 385 495-496... 

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