Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Schull WJ Effects of Atomic Radiation A Half-Century of Studies From Hiroshima and Nagasaki. New York, Wiley, 1995 

Schull WJ, Neel JV Maternal radiation and mongolism (letter). Lancet 1 537-538, 1962 

Tsuiki S, Iregami A Personality tests on the atomic bomb exposed children, in Research in the Effects and Influences of the Nuclear Bomb Test Explosions II. Ueno, Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1956, pp 1709-1714 Wood JW, Johnson KG, Omori Y In utero exposure to the Hiroshima atomic bomb an evaluation of head size and mental retardation twenty years later. Pediatrics 39 385-392,1967 

Wood JW, Johnson KG, Omori Y, et al Mental retardation in children exposed in utero to the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Am J Public Health 57 1381-1389,1967 

Yamazaki JN, Wright SW, Wright PM Outcome of pregnancy in women exposed to the atomic bomb in Nagasaki. American Journal of Diseases of Children 87 448-463, 1954 

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NUCRAC improves on the health effects model by a reexamination of Hiroshima and Nagasaki data. The dry deposition model was much improved by the inclusion of a particle-si/e distribution, a detailed settling model, and a detailed chronic exposure model via the food pathway. However, it does not include a rainout model. 

World War II was ultimately a contest between economies, and victories were a direct result of effective resource mobilization. The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 released a tremendous amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation the development of that weapon... 

Unlocking the secrets of the nucleus was a mixed blessing, for in addition to our understanding of the sun, we also acquired nuclear weapons of immense desfructive potential. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with nuclear weapons was one of the last acts of the Second World War but the beginning of the nuclear dilemma More than 50 years later, controversies still rage over how society should use the fruits of nuclear science. 

The nuclear explosions that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed 100,000 to 200,000 people instantaneously. Probably an equal number died later, victims of the radiation released in those explosions. Millions of people were exposed to the radioactivity released by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The full health effects of that accident may never be known, but 31 people died of radiation sickness within a few weeks of the accident, and more than 2000 people have developed thyroid cancer through exposure to radioactive iodine released in the accident. Even low levels of radiation can cause health problems. For this reason, workers in facilities that use radioisotopes monitor their exposure to radiation continually, and they must be rotated to other duties if their total exposure exceeds prescribed levels. 

Detectors were usually attached to the wall of the living room of the house or apartment in an inconspicuous location about 180 cm from the floor and left for ten months in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but collected every four months in Misasa and Mihama. Measurements were made in living rooms on the first (ground) floor, and in bedrooms on higher floors. 

Plan for Placing Radon Dosimeters in Houses in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, RERF RP 6-84 1-10 (1985). 

Seymour Jablon (1988) [Available also in New Dosimetry at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and its Implications for Risk Estimates, see above]... 

ICHIMARU, M., ISHIMARU, T., AND Belskv J.L. (1978). Incidence of leukemia in atomic bomb survivors belonging to a fixed cohort in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-71. Radiation dose, years after exposure, age at exposure, and type of leukemia, Japan J. Radiat. Res. 19,262. 

ISHIMARU, T., ClHAK, R.W., LAND, C.E., STEER, A., AND YAMADA, A. (1975). Lung cancer at autopsy in A-bomb survivors and controls, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1961-1970 II. Smoking, occupation, and A-bomb exposure, Cancer 36, 1723. 

Loewe, W.E. and Mendelsohn, E. (1981). Revised dose estimates at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Health Phys. 41,663. 

Prentice, R., YashimOTO, Y, and Mason, M.W. (1983). Relationship of cigarette smoking and radiation exposure to cancer mortality in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, J. NatL Cancer Inst. 70,611. 

Tokunaga, M., Norman, J.E., Jr, Asano, M., Tokuoka, S., Ezaki, H., NishimORI, I., AND TSUJI, Y. (1979). Malignant breast tumors among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-1974, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62,1347. 

Craven and Cate (eds.). Army Air Forces in World War //, vol. V, pp. 614-17, 722. British Mission to Japan, The Effects of the Atomic Bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki (London HMSO, 1946). 

The first atomic bombs were exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 

MABUCHI, K., SODA, M., RON, E., TOKUNGA, M., OCHIKUBO, S., SUGI-MOTO, S., IKEDA, T., TERASAKI, M., PRESTON, D.L. and THOMPSON, D.E. (1994). Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part I Use of the tumor registries in Hiroshima and Nagasaki for incidence studies, Radiat. Res. 137, S1-S16. 

Leukaemia was the first cancer to be linked with exposure to radiation from the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Excess relative risk for leukaemia was higher than for any other neoplasm in bomb survivors and for people exposed as children. Radiation-related leukaemia started to occur two to three years after the bombing, reached its peak within six to eight years, and has declined steadily since then. For people exposed as adults, the excess risk was lower than that of people exposed as children, but the excess risk appears to have persisted throughout the followup period (LARC, 2000). Small increases in childhood leukaemia may also have occurred in some populations that were exposed to... 

Ionizing radiation is a known environmental cause of female breast cancer. Breast cancer risk is significantly elevated in female survivors of the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but varies significantly depending on age at the time of radiation exposure. Relative risk at estimated exposure levels of 1 Sv was approximately 3-4 for women exposed before 10 years of age or between 10 and 20 years of age, but decreased to approximately 2 in women irradiated between 20 and 40 years of age and decreased even further in women exposed after 40 years of age (Boice et al., 1996). 

Neel and Schull were architects of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission study of survivor populations at Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Beatty 1988 Lindee 1994). Other notables among the twenty-three attendees included Curt Stern from UC-Berkeley and Milislav Demerec from Brookhaven National Laboratory. The conference proceedings are published in Schull (1962). 

Lindee, M, Susan, 1992, What is a mutation Identifying heritable change in the offspring of survivors at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Journal of the History of Biology 25 231-255. 

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