High-vacuum technology

Bernard Manowitz, Treatment and Disposal of Wastes in Nuclear Chemical Technology George A. Sofer and Harold C. Weingartner, High Vacuum Technology Theodore Vermeulen, Separation by Adsorption Methods Sherman S. Weidenbaum, Mixing of Solids... 

The tools used for the experiments described below have been described in several books and review articles (1-3). Surface structure is determined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), surface composition by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and reaction kinetics and mechanism by temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). Standard ultra-high vacuum technology is used to maintain the surface in a well-defined state. As this article is a consolidation of previously published work, details of the experiments are not discussed here. 

Hansen, M. A., Gates, M., and Sittler, S. P, 1998, Using High-Vacuum Technology Environmental Technology, March/April, pp. 16-21. 

Secondary-electron coefficients are strongly dependent upon the condition of the surface. The presence of adsorbed gas or surface roughness can significantly alter the number of secondary electrons. Moreover, much of the work in this field predates ultra-high-vacuum technology and the associated surface-characterization tools (for reviews see Refs. 144-146). In addition, surfaces exposed to a plasma are not well characterized. Therefore, crude, estimates of the magnitude of the secondary-electron coefficients seem to be the most useful type of data in the present context. 

W. Espe, Materials for High Vacuum Technology, Vol. 3, Pergamon Press, New... 

High Vacuum Technology A Practical Guide, Marsbed H. Hablanian... 

Many of the classic studies we will describe were carried out more than sixty years ago, when the available radioffequency and high-vacuum technology was primitive compared with that enjoyed now, at the beginning of the new millennium. We will describe the original experiments faithfully, whilst also giving an outline of how such studies might be performed today. At the same time we will also attempt to achieve... 

M. H. Hahlanian, High-Vacuum Technology A Practical Guide, 2d ed., Dekker, New York (1997). 

Treatment and Disposal of Wastes in Nuclear Chemical Technology Bernard Manowitz High Vacuum Technology... 

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