High-shear interface

Comparison of Sc(6) for creeping flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid around stationary gas bubbles and solid spheres, where the boundary layer adjacent to a no-slip high-shear interface is... 

If the heat and mass transfer Peclet numbers are large, then it is reasonable to neglect molecular transport relative to convective transport in the primary flow direction. However, one should not invoke the same type of argument to discard molecular transport normal to the interface. Hence, diffusion and conduction are not considered in the X direction. Based on the problem description, the fluid velocity component parallel to the interface is linearized within a thin heat or mass transfer boundary layer adjacent to the high-shear interface, such that... 

With a strong interfacial bond, when a fiber fractures, the high stresses in the matrix near the broken ends are relieved by the formation of a short radial crack in the resin. There is no interfacial debonding and corresponding friction at a sheared interface, but rather, the load is transferred to the fiber by elastic deformation of the resin. The lack of adhesive failure in this case is responsible for the relatively low emission observed. 

An interesting phenomenon in water-oil-amphiphile systems is the presence of self-assembled arrays of amphiphiles (surfactants) called micelles. From 1948 to 1950, Philip Alan Winsor reported that upon simple mixing (i.e., without the need for high shear conditions), oil, water, and amphiphiles yielded clear, macro-scopically homogeneous single phases which he termed type IV systems (Winsor, 1948, 1950). The term microemulsion was introduced later by Jack H. Shulman, a Columbia University chemistry professor, to denote these thermodynamically stable optically isotropic, transparent oil-water-amphiphile dispersions (Shulman et al., 1959). Type IV systems contain small droplets of one liquid dispersed within the other, with a self-assembled layer of surfactant molecules (micelles) along the interface between the two phases. The spontaneous self-assembly of the micelle is driven by the thermodynamic tendency to minimize the surface tension between the water and the oil in the presence of the amphiphile (Hoar and Shulman, 1943). 

Most of hydrodynamic methods have focused on increasing the particle back transport from the membrane-liquid interface by increasing the shear rate and the flow instability in the boundary layer. These techniques include secondary flows, spacers and inserts, pulsed flow, high shear rate devices, vibrations, and two-phase flow. The physical methods that are currently been tested to enhance filtration performance of membranes include the application of electric fields and ultrasound. 

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