High pressure, homogeneous reduction

In the direct conversion homogeneous catalysts could be applied to provide oxygenates. Potential applications exist for alcohols, acids and esters. Alcohol synthesis is a favorable way to upgrade synthesis gas because of its positive thermodynamics. A number of homogeneous catalysts are known to convert CO/H2 to alcohols. Most remarkable is the high-pressure homogeneous reduction of CO in the work by Union Carbide aimed at an industrial synthesis of ethylene glycol [8]. 

Talsma, H., Ozer, A. Y., van Bloois, L., and Crommelin, D. J. A. (1989). The size reduction of Uposomes with a high pressure homogenizer (Microfluidizer). Characterization of prepared dispersions and comparison of conventional methods. Drug Dev. Indust. Pharm.. 15, 197-207. 

Size reduction using high-pressure homogenization... 

Because of its efficient droplet size reduction, high-pressure homogenization can be used for preparing parenteral fat emulsions.Here the requirement is that number of droplets or particles above 1 pm should be limited and no particle should be larger than 5 pm. 

Figure 6 The main broad avenues of nanoparticle production. Comminution or size reduction (say by high-pressure homogenization or critical solution technology), precipitation methods by salting out or other solvency changes in solutions of drag-polymers mixtures and molecular assembly of amphipathic components. Methods are listed in Table 2.

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