Hierarchically phosphates

Imai, H., Tatara, S., Furuichi, K. and Oaki, Y. (2003) Formation of calcium phosphate having a hierarchically laminated architecture through periodic precipitation in organic gel. Chemical Communications, 1952—1953. 

Up to this point, we have summarized the NMR parameters of some selected crystalline compounds. Model crystalline compounds of calcium phosphates are important structural reference for the study of biominerals because the highly complex hierarchical structures of bones and teeth contain different phosphorus species such as unprotonated orthophosphate (PC>43 ) and protonated orthophosphate (HP042 ).70,77 It is beyond doubt that 31P chemical shifts are the most important spectroscopic parameters for the characterization of calcium phosphates. While the 31P chemical shift can reflect the protonation state of a phosphate species, 31P CSA is a sensitive measure of the symmetry of the electronic... 

Figure 2.15 The highly oriented conducting PANI-NFs formed in the complexes of the PAN emeraldine base with a phosphoric acid-terminated PEO (from Table of Contents of Reference 302). (Reprinted with permission from Macromolecules, Highly Oriented Nanowires from the Hierarchical Self-Assembly in Supramolecular Complex of Polyaniline with Lu-Methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) Phosphates by B. Nandan,J.-Y. Hsu, A. Chiba etai, 40,3, 395-398. Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society)...

B. Nandan, J.-Y. Hsu, A. Chiba, H.-L. Chen, C.-S. Liao, S.-A. Chen, and H. Hasegawa, Highly oriented nanowires from the hierarchical self-assembly in supramolecular complex of polyaniline with )-methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) phosphates. Macromolecules, 40, 395-398 (2007). 

MoAs, such as, for example, acetolactate synthase (ALS), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), photosystem I, photosystem II or 5-enolpyruvylshikimi-3-phosphate-synthase (EPSPS). All expression profiles in the compendium are derived from Arabidopsis plants sprayed vith two different concentrations of the respective compounds and harvested 24 h after treatment. Analysis of the expression profiles by statistical methods like hierarchical clustering [14] revealed that the assumption was correct. The profiles of compounds representing the same MoA were much more similar to each other than to any profile derived from a compound with another MoA (Fig. 33.3). 

Combining the techniques mentioned above offers more powerful tools to fabricate nanoscaffolds with hierarchical, interconnected pores or more complex porous structures. For example, gas-forming and freeze-drying were used together to prepare nano-calcium phosphate (including nano-HA and nano-biophasic calcium phosphate) scaffolds with both large interconnected pores (e.g., >100 pm) and miciopores (pore sizes from nanometers to submicrons) [37]. 

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