Heterogeneous table

Multivariate analysis of these different types of measurements (heterogeneous, homogeneous, compositional, ordered) may require special approaches for each of them. For example, compositional tables that are closed with respect to the rows, require a different type of analysis than heterogeneous tables where the columns are defined with different units. The basic approach of principal components... 

Table 10.25 Aliphatic esters It is considered that the table will be of greatest use if the esters are subdivided under the various acids rather than arranged in order of increasing b.p. or m.p. irrespective of the nature of the carboxylic acid. The latter procedure leads to an unwieldy, heterogeneous table which has relatively little pedagogic or, indeed, practical value. ...

If we assume that enantioselective catalysis is the method of choice, the next question in the context of our treatise is Homogeneous or heterogeneous. Table... 

The reactions taking part in hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen are very heterogeneous. Table XI and Table... 

BASES AND BASE CATALYSIS—HETEROGENEOUS Table 1. Indicators used for the Measurements of Basic Properties ... 

The techniques and agents used to treat liver tumors by chemoembolization are very heterogeneous (Tables 2.5.2, 2.5.3). To this day, there is no consensus on the best chemoembolization protocol. 

In general, the effect of polymer-bank size and concentration is predictable in the sense that the more polymer injected, the more oil will be recovered. Fig. 8 shows a plot of WOR vs oil recovery for the base waterflood, a 20-percent-PV, 600-ppm polymer bank, and a 30-percent-PV, 600-ppm bank. Incremental oil recoveries for the 20- and 30-percent banks are 43 and 51 STB/acre-ft, respectively. Fig. 9 shows the same plot for 20-percent-PV, 300- and 600-ppra banks with incremental oil recoveries of 23 and 43 STB/acre-ft, respectively. The effect of preinjecting water can be strong, depending on heterogeneity (Table 4). 

In the experiments using a i i mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids (table 4.1, eolumn (y)) reaetion oceurred under heterogeneous eonditions, about 50 cm of mixed aromatie eompounds and 25 em of mixed aeids being used. The results are therefore eomplicated by differenees in solubilities and rates of diffusion to the aeid layer. 

Table 1. Some Representative Examples of Heterogeneous Sonochemistry...

The methodology for preparation of hydrocarbon-soluble, dilithium initiators is generally based on the reaction of an aromatic divinyl precursor with two moles of butyUithium. Unfortunately, because of the tendency of organ olithium chain ends in hydrocarbon solution to associate and form electron-deficient dimeric, tetrameric, or hexameric aggregates (see Table 2) (33,38,44,67), attempts to prepare dilithium initiators in hydrocarbon media have generally resulted in the formation of insoluble, three-dimensionally associated species (34,66,68—72). These precipitates are not effective initiators because of their heterogeneous initiation reactions with monomers which tend to result in broader molecular weight distributions > 1.1)... 

Heterogeneous reactions of industrial significance occur between all combinations of gas, liquid, and solid phases. The solids may be inert or reac tive or catalysts in granular form. Some noncatalytic examples are listed in Table 7-11, and processes with solid catalysts are listed under Catalysis in Sec. 23. Equipment and operating conditions of heterogeneous processes are covered at some length in Sec. 23 only some highlights will be pointed out here. 

Two lists of gas/liquid reactions of industrial importance have been compiled recently. The literature survey by Danckwerts (Gas-Liquid Reactions, McGraw-Hill, 1970) cites 40 different systems. A supplementary list by Doraiswamy and Sharma (Heterogeneous Reactions Fluid-Lluid-Solid Reactions, Wiley, 1984) cites another 50 items, and indicates the most suitable land of reactor to be used for each. Estimates of values of parameters that may be expec ted of some types of gas/liquid reac tors are in Tables 23-9 and 23-10. 

Many liquid phase or heterogeneous solid-liquid or gas-liquid reaetions result in gaseous produets or byproduets. These produets may be toxie (refer to Table 5.1) or flammable (refer to Table 6.1), or result in overpressurization of any sealed eontainer or vessel. Unless pressure relief is provided, relatively small volumes of reaetants - the presenee of whieh may not be expeeted - may generate suffieient gas pressure to rupture a eontainer. The eauses of pressure build-up may be ... 

Conventionally, wastes are eonsidered as being predominantly either solid, liquid or gaseous but as illustrated in Table 16.3, they may be multi-phase. Solid waste eompiises liquid slurries, sludges, thixotropie solids and solids of varying partiele sizes it may be heterogeneous. Typieal examples are given in Table 16.4. 

Ail the parameters on which various consents (or permissions to dispose of, waste streams) are based must be reliably measured and recorded. This is easier to achieve with gaseous emissions (Chapter 10) and liquid effluents than with heterogeneous solid wastes. Systematic analysis of solid wastes will cover as a minimum the information in Table 17.15. 

Table 5 Properties of VLDPEs Prepared with Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst System [8]...

Table 3 Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrile Rubber...

It can be summarized from the available data in Table 3 that supported palladium catalysts selectively hydrogenated carbon-carbon double bonds in the presence of the nitrile group in NBR. However, there is no detailed fundamental study on heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of nitrile rubber in the literature that can provide an insight into the reaction. The available information is limited since most of the literature is patented. 

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