Heterogeneous ruthenium-based catalyst

Accordingly, the synthesis of highly active and selective heterogeneous catalysts has been explored in recent years. Among these, ruthenium-based catalysts have been found to show interesting catalytic activity, and various types of ruthenium-based heterogeneous catalyst have been developed [7]. 

Gold- and rhodium-catalyzed acylations of ammonia have been reported [112, 132], but similar transformations promoted by homogeneous mthenium catalysts still remain unknown. Such a reaction could only be performed employing a heterogeneous ruthenium-based system under aerobic conditions. However, a completely different mechanism operates in this case (see Sect. 6) [133]. 

Other examples of heterogeneous ruthenium catalysts are a ruthenium-based hydroxyapatite catalyst [158], a ferrite spinel-based catalyst MnFe1.5Ruo.35 CU0.15O4 [159], and Ru supported on Ce02 [160], which all gave lower activities. 

S. Balakrishnan, Rice husk ash sihca as a support material for iron and ruthenium based heterogeneous catalyst. Malasya, Universiti Sains Malaysia, M. Sc. Thesis (2006). 

Heterogeneous ruthenium (Ru)-based catalyst systems have considerable interest for NH3 production, since they operate at lower temperatures and more moderate pressures than the conventionally Fe-systems. In molecular chemistry, the synthesis of the first characterized transition metal—dinitrogen compound [(NH3)sRu(N2)] triggered the development of the field and also led to the preparation of a large number of ruthenium compounds containing nitrogenous N Hy ligands. However, despite... 

The first variable in catalytic hydrogenation is the catalyst. The most commonly used heterogeneous catalysts are platinum, palladium, nickel, rhodium, nickel, and ruthenium. Rylander gave references for the preparation of the most common catalysts, shown in Table 4.14.31 In some cases, salts of transition metals are used rather than the metal itself although the pure metal adsorbed on a support (see above) is also commonly used. Hudlicky presented an order of relative reactivity with propene for groups 8-10 (VIII) transition metal catalysts,341 based on the work of Mann and Lien.342 xhe order given is ... 

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