Hereditary strain

The present section deals with the review and extension of Schapery s single integral constitutive law to two dimensions. First, a stress operator that defines uniaxial strain as a function of current and past stress is developed. Extension to multiaxial stress state is accomplished by incorporating Poisson s effects, resulting in a constitutive matrix that consists of instantaneous compliance, Poisson s ratio, and a vector of hereditary strains. The constitutive equations thus obtained are suitable for nonlinear viscoelastic finite-element analysis. 

If the instantaneous compliance Dj is defined as the compliance term multiplying the instantaneous stress a, and the remaining terms in Eq. (36) as hereditary strains E, then... 

Hence, Eq. (37) expresses Schapery s single integral constitutive law in terms of a stress operator that includes instantaneous compliance and hereditary strains. 

Not all hereditary traits follow the Mendelian patterns expected for chromosomal genes. Some are inherited directly from the maternal cell because their genes are carried in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus. There are three known locations for cytoplasmic genes the mitochondria, the chloroplasts, and certain other membrane-associated sites.285 286 An example of the last is found in "killer" strains of yeast. Cells with the killer trait release a toxin that kills sensitive cells but are themselves immune. The genes are carried in double-stranded RNA rather than DNA, but are otherwise somewhat analogous to the colicin factors of enteric bacteria (Box 8-D). Similar particles (kfactors) are found in Paramecium.287... 

VISCOELASTICITY. Mechanical behavior of material which exhibits viscous and delayed clastic response to stress in addition to instantaneous elasticity. Such properries can be considered to be associated with rate effects—time derivatives of arbitrary order of both stress and strain appearing in the constitutive equation—or hereditary or memory influences which include the history of the stress and strain variation from the undisturbed state. See also Rheology. 

This is a very favorable system to study genetic control of pheromone production, as there is no sexual isolation between the two D. simulans strains and the absence of qualitative sexual dimorphism allows both sexes to be used for analyses. Thus an exhaustive investigation of all potential hereditary factors could be performed by a set of crosses between both morphs (Cameroon X Seychelles). 

W9. West, W. T., and Murphy, E. D., Histopathology of hereditary, progressive muscular dystrophy in inbred strain 129 mice. Anat. Record 137, 279 (1960). 

The best known of these animal diseases is the hereditary myopathy of the mouse, which appeared in a strain 129/Re at the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, and is described by Michelson et al. (M15). It is characterized by progressive weakness (most evident in the hind legs), atrophy, and a reduced life-span the affected animals have not only a reduced muscle mass, but also a smaller skeletal size than normal. In-... 

Long-Evans Cirmamon (LEG) rats, an inbred strain of a mutant rat that was originally isolated from a closed colony of Long-Evans rats, develop hereditary acute hepatitis at about 4 months after birth. Those rats which survive acute hepatitis suffer from chronic hepatitis, and develop hepatocellular carcinoma from one year after birth. The hepatitis is inherited in an autosomal... 

Hereditary zinc deficiency occurs in certain strains of cattle Bos spp.) and affects the skin and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease - also known as Lethal Trait... 

In hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats, a strain used as a model for insulin resistance, improvement in glucose... 

By cell fusion and a new single cell hydrolase assay technique, the complementation was observed between mucolipidosis II and two other hereditary lysosomal 3-D-galactosidase-deficient disorders in humans Gj j-gangliosidosis type II and /3-D-galactosidase deficient-type mucolipidosis. The possible mechanisms with which abnormal ML-II jS-D-galactosidase was modified and normalized by the other two different cell strains were discussed. 

It is, however, necessary that we try to weave some rational web that allows us to describe a rational nonlinear theory. The general formulation of Green and Rivlin [G16] took the position that the stress tensor is a general hereditary function of the strain history. The stress tensor was expressed as infinite series of integrals ... 

Gunn, C. H. (1938). Hereditary Acholuric Jaundice in a new mutant strain of rats. J Hered 29, 137-139. 

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