Herbivore chewing

Chew, F.S. Rodman, J.E. in "Herbivores Their interaction with Secondary Piant Metaboiites" Rosenthai, G.A. Janzen, D.H., Eds. Academic Press New York, 1979 p. 271. 

Forkner RE, Marquis RJ, Lill JT. 2004. Feeny revisited Condensed tannins as antiherbivore defenses in leaf-chewing herbivore communities of Quercus. Ecol Entomol 29 174-187. 

A CA epoxidase perhaps identical to the precocene epoxidase biosynthesizes Insect juvenile hormones (JH) from the analogous inactive oleflnic precursor, and the enzyme activity appears higher in precocene-sensitive species (32). Subsequent detoxification of JH occurs primarily by EHs and esterases in peripheral tissues, and preliminary information does not indicate major differences for JH degradation routes between chewing and sucking herbivores, or insect carnivores (33,34). More study of the role of detoxification in regulating the action of JH in target tissues is required. 

Malcolm, S.B. (1990) Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores plant-derived cardenolids in the Monarch butterfly and oleander aphid. Chemoecol-ogy,% 2-2. ... 

Birds, a major nonmammalian group without teeth for mastication, but with adaptations for reducing the size of their food, typically are described as avians however, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores exist among birds. Fish, who do not chew their food, must rely on strong digestive enzymes. 

Chew, F. S., Searching for defensive chemistry in the Cruciferae, or, do glucosinolates always control interactions of Cruciferae with their potential herbivores and symbionts. No in Chemical Mediation of Coevolution (K. C. Spencer, ed.), 81-112, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1988. 

Host plant suitability involves various plant characteristics and insect herbivore adaptations as well as modification of both the plant and the insect by abiotic and biotic factors in their commimity. The post-ingestive growth performance of Lepidoptera (and perhaps most other leaf-chewing insects as well) is determined to a large extent by plant chemical quality (i.e., nutrients and allelo-chemics) and can be indexed by leaf water-nitrogen composition. 

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