Hepatotoxicity xenobiotic-induced liver injury

Sturgill, M.G., Lambert, G.H. (1997). Xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic fimction. Clin. Chem. 43 1512-26. 

Sturgill, M. G., and G. H. Lambert. 1997. Xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity Mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic function. Clinical Chemistry 43 1512-1526. 

Kidneys have relatively low xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities, and chemically induced nephrotoxicity has been assumed to be produced by toxic intermediates generated in the liver and transported to the kidney. If a single hepatic metabolite of chloroform produced both kidney and liver injury, species, strain, and sex differences in susceptibility to chloroform nephro- and hepatotoxicity should be similar. However, species, strain and sex differences in susceptibility to chloroform nephrotoxicity are not consistent with those of chloroform hepatotoxicity. In addition, several modulators of tissue xenobiotic-metabolizing activities alter... 

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contributes to a variety of functions, including protein synthesis and detoxification of xenobiot-ics, and disturbance of these functions can be linked to cell injury (53). Prolonged exposure to ethanol induces proliferation of the ER of in the liver and enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which in turn can result in production of hepatotoxic or carcinogenic metabolites (54). 

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