Hemispherical sector analyzer

The XPS spectrum is typically recorded with a hemispherical sector analyzer. The general configuration of the analyzer is seen in Figure 10. By applying appropriate potentials to the hemispheres and preretardation grids it is possible to select the energy of the electrons that will reach the electron multiplier. The spectrum is then acquired by scanning these... 

In Section 3.2.2.5.1, an outline is given of how the spin polarization of the photoelectrons can be measured after their energies and emission angles have been preselected by passing through a hemispherical sector analyzer, thus enabling spin-resolved photoemission experiments (see also Chapter 7). 

Figure 3 A typical photoelectron spectroscopy system using a flood x-ray source and a hemispherical sector energy analyzer with electron preretardation. The system is shown with a computer data acquisition system.

Any conventional and commercial ESCA generally consists of either A1 ka (1486 eV) or Mg ka (1254 eV) X-ray source or both. A variety of electron analyzers are employed to collect and energy sector the ejected photoelectrons, with particular use of either hemispherical or cylindrical mirror arrangements. A variety of detectors are used to collect the final electron emissions. The detectors include channeltrons, microchannel plates, and resistive anode plates, which are then often coupled with various arrangements of phosphor screens and highly sensitive cameras. 

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