Helium thermophysical properties

Neon (Ne), 17 344. See also Helium-neon (HeNe) lasers commercial, 17 368t thermophysical properties, 8 Alt Neon atoms, 14 659-660 Neon column, 17 361... 

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E.W., McLinden, M.O., and Huber, M.L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23 Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is McCarty, R.D., and Arp, V D., A New Wide Range Equation of State for Helium, Ado. Cryo. Eng. 35 1465-1475,1990. The source for viscosity is Arp, V. D., McCarty, R. D., and Friend, D. G., Thermophysical Properties of Helium-4 from 0.8 to 1500 K with Pressures to 2000 MPa, NIST Technical Note 1334, Boulder, Colo., 1998. The source for thermal conductivity is Hands, B. A., and Arp, V. D., A Correlation of Thermal Conductivity Data for Helium, Cryogenics, 21(12) 697-703,1981. 

As an introduction to the main part of the paper, it is pertinent to mention this year as the anniversary of a few significant events in thermal physics. Let us note the centenary of the first helium liquefaction by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes at Leiden. In his plenary report at the 18 European conference on thermophysical properties Dr. Amo Laesecke called this event a breakthrough in research on thermophysical properties of substances and, among other problems, he related the studies into metastable states of substances to uncharted territories in thermophysics. In this connection our workshop seems to be well-timed. 

Laesecke, A. (2008) 100 Years Liquefaction of Helium - A Breakthrough in Thermophysical Properties Resarch and Its Contemporary Significance, in 18 European Conference on Thermophysical Properties. Book of Abstracts, p. 249, University of Pau, France. 

Extracted from Tsederberg, Popov, et al, Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of Helium, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1969, and NBS-NSF TT 50096,1971. Copyright material Reproduced by permission. This source contains entries for many more temperatures and pressures than can be reproduced here, v = volume, mvkg h = enthalpy, kj/kg s = entropy, kJ/(kg-K). 

Helhnann R, Bich E, Vogel E (2007) Ab initio potential energy curve for the helium atom pair and thermophysical properties of dilute helium gas. I. Helium-helium interatomic potential. Mol Phys 105 3013-3023... 

Here v and m denote the volume and mass of the molecule or atom, respectively. The r.h.s of Equation 32 denotes the ground-state energy of a quantum mechanical particle enclosed in a potential well (particle in a box problem [Martin and Leonard, 1970]). This condition is not satisfied for liquid helium and liquid hydrogen, while liquid neon is a borderline case. For the theoretical description of their thermophysical properties, application of the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics sometimes does not suffice. Another assumption states that the internal degrees of freedom of the molecules or atoms are the same in the gas phase and in the liquid phase. In other words, it is assumed that the molecules can rotate and vibrate freely in the liquid phase, too. Molecular rotation may be hindered in the case of long-chain hydrocarbons or silicone fluids with side groups but also for small, nonspherical molecules such as N2,02, CS2, and others, rotation around two axes is restricted due to steric hindrance. Polar molecules exhibit restricted rotation due to the effect of dipolar orientation. 

AU properties except the heat of fusion are calculated from the REFPROP program, see Reference 4. Temperatures are listed on the ITS-90 scale, except those values for neon and oxygen that are obtained from older equations of state based on the IPTS-68 temperature scale. The references for aU fluids except air, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon are given in the Thermophysical Properties of Fluids table. The properties of hydrogen are given for the para form of the molecule (see the Leachman et al. reference for details). 

Cencek, W, Komasa, J., Przybytek, M., Mehl, J. B., Jeziorski, B., and Szalewicz, K., Effects of Aadiabatic, Relativistic, and Quantum Electrodynamics Interactions in Helium Dimer on Thermophysical Properties of Helium,/. Chem. Phys., to be submitted (2011). 

Therefore, the most widely used supercritical fluids as of today and possibly in the future are water, carbon dioxide, helium, and refrigerants. Often, refrigerants, similar to carbon dioxide, are considered as modeling fluids instead of water due to significantly lower critical pressures and temperatures (for example, R-134a Per = 4.0593 MPa Per = 101.06°C), which decreases the complexity and costs of thermal hydraulic experiments. Based on the above mentioned, knowledge of thermophysical properties specifics at critical and supercritical pressures is very important for safe and efficient use of fluids in power and other industries. 

In addition, thermophysical properties of all current and Generation IV nuclear power reactors within operating ranges are shown in Appendix A2 and thermophysical properties of selected gases including helium and carbon dioxide at 0.1 MPa are shown in Appendix A6. 

It should be noted that thermophysical properties of 121 pure fluids, including water, carbon dioxide, helium, refrigerants, etc. 5 pseudo-pure fluids (such as air) and mixtures with up to 20 components at different pressures and temperatures, including critical and supercritical regions, can be calculated using the NIST REFPROP software (2010), Version 9.1. 

R. D. McCarty, Thermophysical Properties of Helium-4 from 2 to 1500 K with Pressures to 1000 Atmospheres, Natl. Bur. Stand. Tech. Note 631 (1972). 

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